| 詞或詞組 | 中文 | 英文解釋中文解釋 |
|---|---|---|
| Full size body | 全尺寸螺紋桿 |
The body of a bolt or screw which has a diameter between the minimum and maximum limits of the major diameter of the thread. 螺栓或螺釘?shù)闹黧w，其直徑介于螺紋大徑的最小和最大限制之間。 |
| Atmosphere | 大氣 |
1. (atm) An obsolete (non-SI) unit of pressure equal to 101 325 Pa or 1.013 25 bar and approximately equal to the atmospheric pressure (barometric pressure) measured at mean sea level. 1.（atm）一種已被淘汰的（非SI）壓力單位，等于101325Pa或1.01325bar，大約等于在平均海平面測量的大氣壓力（大氣壓）。 |
| Permanent set | 永久變形 |
The deformation or strain remaining in a previously stressed body after release of load. 釋放荷載后，先前受力物體中剩余的變形或應(yīng)變。 |
| Tooth lock washers | 帶齒鎖緊墊圈 |
These washers serve to lock fasteners, such as bolts and nuts, to the component parts of an assembly, or increase the friction between the fasteners and the assembly. They are designated in a manner similar to helical spring lock washers, and are available in carbon steel. 這些墊圈用于將緊固件（如螺栓和螺母）鎖定到組件的零部件上，或增加緊固件與組件之間的摩擦力。它們的設(shè)計方式類似于螺旋彈簧鎖緊墊圈，可采用碳鋼。 |
| Coefficient of discharge (CD) | 流量系數(shù)（CD） |
For flow through a nozzle or orifice plate, the ratio of the actual mass flow rate to the theoretical mass flow rate calculated assuming the flow to be isentropic. The coefficient of velocity (velocity coefficient) is the corresponding ratio of the actual average velocity to the theoretical value. For incompressible flow, the theoretical flow rate and velocity can be calculated using Bernoulli’s equation. 對于通過噴嘴或孔板的流量，實際質(zhì)量流量與假設(shè)流量為等熵計算的理論質(zhì)量流量之比。速度系數(shù)（速度系數(shù)）是實際平均速度與理論值的對應(yīng)比。對于不可壓縮流，可以使用伯努利方程計算理論流量和速度。 |
| Thermal compressor | 熱壓縮機 |
1. (thermocompressor) A jet compressor used to boost the pressure of low-pressure waste or exhaust steam. 2. A device consisting of an absorber, a generator, a pump, and a throttling device, used instead of a mechanical vapour compressor in an absorption-cooling refrigeration system. 1.（熱壓縮機）用于提升低壓廢蒸汽或排氣壓力的噴射壓縮機。2.一種由吸收器、發(fā)電機、泵和節(jié)流裝置組成的裝置，用于替代吸收冷卻制冷系統(tǒng)中的機械蒸汽壓縮機。 |
| Snap temper | 快速回火 |
A precautionary interim stress-relieving treatment applied to high-hardenability steels immediately after quenching to prevent cracking because of delay in tempering them at the prescribed higher temperature. 在淬火后立即對高淬透性鋼進行預(yù)防性臨時應(yīng)力消除處理，以防止因在規(guī)定的更高溫度下回火延遲而開裂。 |
| Range of stress (Sr) | 應(yīng)力范圍（Sr） |
The algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum stress in one cycle—that is, Sr?= Smax?– Smin 一個循環(huán)中最大和最小應(yīng)力之間的代數(shù)差，即Sr=Smax–Smin |
| Centripetal | 向心力 |
Acting or moving in a direction towards the axis of rotation. 在朝向旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的方向上起作用或移動。 |
| Aging treatment | 時效處理 |
Heat treatment aimed at age hardening; it comprises solution and precipitation treatments. 針對時效硬化的熱處理；它包括溶液和沉淀處理。 |
| Mohs scale | 莫氏硬度 |
A scale of scratch hardness originally developed for minerals. 最初為礦物開發(fā)的劃痕硬度標尺。 |
| Turret lathe | 六角車床 |
A capstan lathe in which the capstan is driven mechanically or hydraulically to provide assigned tool paths to perform a specified sequence of operations in the repetitive production of parts. 一種絞盤車床，其中絞盤由機械或液壓驅(qū)動，以提供指定的刀具路徑，在零件的重復(fù)生產(chǎn)中執(zhí)行指定的操作順序。 |
| Tera (T) | 特拉（T） |
An SI unit prefix indicating a multiplier of 1012; thus terawatt (TW) is a unit of power equal to one trillion watts. 指示乘數(shù)1012的SI單位前綴；因此，太瓦（TW）是等于1萬億瓦的功率單位。 |
| Athermal transformation | 非熱變化 |
A reaction that proceeds without benefit of thermal fluctuations; that is, thermal activation is not required. In contrast, a reaction that occurs at constant temperature is an isothermal transformation; thermal activation is necessary in this case and the reaction proceeds as a function of time. 在沒有熱波動的情況下進行的反應(yīng)；也就是說，不需要熱激活。相反，在恒溫下發(fā)生的反應(yīng)是等溫轉(zhuǎn)變。在這種情況下，熱活化是必要的，并且反應(yīng)作為時間的函數(shù)進行。 |
| Fatigue | 疲勞 |
The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated or fluctuating stresses having a maximum value less than the ultimate tensile strength of the material. Fatigue failure generally occurs at loads that, applied statically, would produce little perceptible effect. Fatigue fractures are progressive, beginning as minute cracks that grow under the action of the fluctuating stress. A term referring, in components and structures subjected to either random or cyclic periodically-varying loads, to a progressive reduction in strength leading to failure at stresses lower than those that cause failure under monotonic loading. Variable loads arise from outof-balance machinery and other vibration sources, wind gusts, etc., and a large proportion of service failures is caused by fatigue. Fatigue results from the initiation and slow propagation of cracks. In manufactured components, crack initiation usually occurs at a point of stress concentration. After a period, often of millions of stress cycles, the crack reaches a critical length at which the next peak load causes sudden brittle or ductile fracture. Fracture surfaces resulting from fatigue display characteristic striations or progression marks emanating from the crack initiation site during the slow crack growth period, with a different surface appearance for the final fracture. 在最大值小于材料極限抗拉強度的重復(fù)或波動應(yīng)力下導(dǎo)致斷裂的現(xiàn)象。疲勞失效通常發(fā)生在靜態(tài)施加的載荷下，不會產(chǎn)生明顯影響。疲勞斷裂是漸進性的，從在波動應(yīng)力作用下生長的微小裂紋開始。在承受隨機或周期性變化載荷的部件和結(jié)構(gòu)中，指強度逐漸降低，導(dǎo)致在低于單調(diào)載荷下導(dǎo)致失效的應(yīng)力下發(fā)生失效的術(shù)語。可變負載由失衡的機械和其他振動源、陣風(fēng)等引起，大部分故障是由疲勞引起的。疲勞是裂紋萌生和緩慢擴展的結(jié)果。在制造部件中，裂紋萌生通常發(fā)生在應(yīng)力集中點。在一段時間（通常是數(shù)百萬次應(yīng)力循環(huán)）后，裂紋達到臨界長度，此時下一個峰值載荷會導(dǎo)致突然脆性或韌性斷裂。疲勞產(chǎn)生的斷裂表面在緩慢裂紋擴展期間顯示出從裂紋萌生部位發(fā)出的特征條紋或進展標記，最終斷裂的表面外觀不同。 |
| Profile | 輪廓 |
The shape of a cross section of an object, such as an aerofoil or cam. 物體的橫截面形狀，如機翼或凸輪。 |
| Unison ring | 協(xié)調(diào)環(huán) |
In a turbomachine with adjustable guide or stator vanes, the ring to which a set of vanes is linked such that when the ring is rotated, all vane angles are adjusted. 在具有可調(diào)導(dǎo)向葉片或定子葉片的渦輪機中，一組葉片連接到的環(huán)，當環(huán)旋轉(zhuǎn)時，所有葉片角度都可調(diào)整。 |
| Thermal shock | 熱沖擊 |
The development of a steep temperature gradient and accompanying high stresses within a structure. 在結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)形成陡峭的溫度梯度和伴隨的高應(yīng)力。 |
| Union (union joint) | 活接頭 |
A threaded pipe fitting that allows two pipes to be connected anddetached without the need for either to be rotated, and without damaging the pipe ends. 一種螺紋管件，允許連接和拆卸兩個管道，而無需旋轉(zhuǎn)任何一個管道，且不會損壞管道端部。 |
| Radial-flow compressor | 離心式壓縮機 |
A compressor in which the working gas enters the machine axially and is compressed as it flows radially out through the impeller. 一種壓縮機，其中工作氣體軸向進入機器，并在通過葉輪徑向流出時被壓縮。 |
| Mass flow rate (?) (Unit kg/s) | 質(zhì)量流量（?）（單位kg/s） |
The mass of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. The corresponding mass flux (?″), with unit kg/s.m2, is the mass flow across a real surface or through a duct, divided by the surface or cross-sectional area A, i.e. ?″ = ?/A or ?″ = ρV where ρ is the material density and V is its velocity normal to the surface. 單位時間內(nèi)流過表面或通過管道或其他管道的材料質(zhì)量，通常是流體或粉末。相應(yīng)的質(zhì)量通量（?″），單位為kg/s.m2，是通過真實表面或通過管道的質(zhì)量流量除以表面或橫截面積A，即?″=?/A或?″=ρV，其中ρ是材料密度，V是其垂直于表面的速度。 |
| Wrap-around bend | 環(huán)繞彎曲 |
The bend obtained when a specimen is wrapped in a closed helix around a cylindrical mandrel. This term is sometimes applied to a semiguided bend of 180° or less. 當試樣纏繞在圓柱形心軸周圍的閉合螺旋中時獲得的彎曲。該術(shù)語有時適用于180°或更小的半導(dǎo)彎曲。 |
| Maximum-and-minimum thermometer | 最高和最低溫度計 |
(minimum-maximum thermometer, Six’s thermometer) A liquid-in-glass instrument designed to register the maximum and minimum temperatures experienced over a given time period. （最低-最高溫度計，Six's溫度計）一種液體玻璃儀器，用于記錄給定時間段內(nèi)經(jīng)歷的最高和最低溫度。 |
| Tightness | 緊密度 |
A measure of the mass leak rate from a gasketed joint. 墊圈接頭質(zhì)量泄漏率的測量值。 |
| Tolerance limits | 公差極限 |
The extreme values (upper and lower) that define the range of permissible variation in size or other quality characteristic of a part. 定義零件尺寸或其他質(zhì)量特性允許偏差范圍的極值（上限和下限）。 |
| Slack quenching | 欠速淬火 |
The incomplete hardening of steel due to quenching from the austenitizing temperature at a rate slower than the critical cooling rate for the particular steel, resulting in the formation of one or more transformation products in addition to martensite. 由于從奧氏體化溫度以低于特定鋼臨界冷卻速度的速度淬火而導(dǎo)致鋼的不完全硬化，導(dǎo)致除馬氏體外還形成一種或多種相變產(chǎn)物。 |
| Transgranular fracture | 穿晶斷裂 |
Fracture in crystalline materials where the path of cracking is predominantly across grains. 晶體材料中的斷裂，其中裂紋路徑主要跨越晶粒。 |
| Butt joint | 對接接頭 |
The end-to-end joining of two plates either by welding or by overlapping plates that are bolted or riveted. 通過焊接或通過螺栓或鉚接的重疊板將兩塊板端對端連接。 |
| Graphitizing | 石墨化退火 |
Annealing a ferrous alloy in such a way that some or all of the carbon is precipitated as graphite. 以使部分或全部碳以石墨的形式沉淀的方式對鐵合金進行退火。 |
| Relaxation | 松弛 |
The loss of tension, and therefore Clamping force, in a bolt and joint as a result of Embedment, vibration loosening, gasket creep, differential thermal expansion, etc. 由于嵌入、振動松動、墊圈蠕變、熱膨脹差等原因，螺栓和接頭中的張力損失，因此夾緊力損失。 |
| Corrosion | 腐蝕 |
The deterioration of an exposed metal surface due to electrochemical oxidation with its surroundings. In the oxidation reaction, metal atoms give up electrons which are transferred to form another chemical species by a reduction reaction, usually with hydrogen and/or oxygen. A common example is the formation of the iron oxide rust Fe(OH)3 on iron or steel in moist air or water. Rust breaks away easily, exposing fresh iron to the atmosphere, whereas the corrosion product of some metals forms an adherent layer that prevents further oxidation reaction at fresh metal, an effect known as passivation. Examples include aluminium oxide on aluminium, chromium oxide on chromium, chromium oxide on alloys containing chromium such as stainless steels, and the patina formed on copper and zinc. Corrosion protection takes many forms. Good design to avoid crevices and stress is important. In some situations, substances known as inhibitors may be added to the environment to decrease its corrosiveness. The electrochemical nature of corrosion results in some metals having a greater tendency for oxidation than others. Zinc has a stronger tendency than iron and this is made use of in galvanizing. This is one example of cathodic protection, in which one metal is connected electrically to a more reactive metal, called a sacrificial anode, that oxidizes by giving up electrons and so protects the first metal. Coatings may be used to resist corrosion. Paints, plating, and diffusion coatings are the most common and the electrochemical process of anodizing is used to deliberately form a passive layer of oxide on aluminium alloys. Material selection plays a major role. For example, stainless steels with their high chromium content are widely used in corrosive environments. 暴露的金屬表面由于與周圍環(huán)境的電化學(xué)氧化而劣化。在氧化反應(yīng)中，金屬原子放棄電子，這些電子通過還原反應(yīng)（通常與氫和/或氧）轉(zhuǎn)移形成另一種化學(xué)物質(zhì)。一個常見的例子是在潮濕的空氣或水中在鐵或鋼上形成氧化鐵銹Fe(OH)3。鐵銹很容易脫落，將新鮮鐵暴露在大氣中，而一些金屬的腐蝕產(chǎn)物形成一層粘附層，防止新鮮金屬發(fā)生進一步的氧化反應(yīng)，這種效果稱為鈍化。實例包括鋁上的氧化鋁、鉻上的氧化鉻、含鉻合金上的氧化鉻如不銹鋼，以及銅和鋅上形成的銅綠。腐蝕防護有多種形式。避免裂縫和應(yīng)力的良好設(shè)計非常重要。在某些情況下，可以向環(huán)境中添加稱為抑制劑的物質(zhì)，以降低其腐蝕性。腐蝕的電化學(xué)性質(zhì)導(dǎo)致一些金屬比其他金屬具有更大的氧化傾向。鋅比鐵具有更強的傾向性，這可用于鍍鋅。這是陰極保護的一個例子，其中一種金屬與活性更強的金屬（稱為犧牲陽極）電連接，犧牲陽極通過釋放電子進行氧化，從而保護第一種金屬。涂層可用于抗腐蝕。油漆、電鍍和擴散涂層是最常見的，陽極氧化的電化學(xué)過程用于有意在鋁合金上形成一層鈍化氧化物。材料選擇起著重要作用。例如，鉻含量高的不銹鋼廣泛用于腐蝕性環(huán)境。 |
| Assembly drawing | 裝配圖紙 |
An engineering drawing that shows how parts are assembled to produce a component or a complete machine. It may include sections to show internal features, dimensions that are critical for assembly, manufacturing information, and part numbers. 顯示零件如何組裝以生產(chǎn)組件或整機的工程圖。它可能包括顯示內(nèi)部特征、對裝配至關(guān)重要的尺寸、制造信息和零件編號的部分。 |
| Combined dimensioning | 組合尺寸標注 |
The use of chain dimensioning and parallel dimensioning on the same engineering drawing. 在同一工程圖上使用鏈式尺寸標注和平行標注。 |
| Unit | 單位 |
A numerical indication of the magnitude of a physical quantity. The basic units of mass, length, time, etc. are relative to agreed standards. 物理量大小的數(shù)字指示。質(zhì)量、長度、時間等基本單位與商定的標準相對應(yīng)。 |
| Longitudinal direction | 縱向 |
The principal direction of flow in a worked metal. See also normal direction and transverse direction. 加工金屬中的主要流動方向。另請參見法向和橫向。 |
| Centre line | 中心線 |
1. In an engineering drawing, a line of symmetry. 2. An imaginary line along a pipe, duct, or shaft that defines an axis of symmetry. 3. An imaginary straight line parallel to the intended direction of a surface located such that the areas above and below the line and the real wavy (rough) surface cancel out. 1.在工程圖中，對稱線。2.沿著管道、管道或豎井定義對稱軸的假想線。3.一條平行于表面預(yù)期方向的假想直線，該直線上方和下方的區(qū)域與真實的波狀（粗糙）表面相抵消。 |
| Degree (°) | 度數(shù)（°） |
A measure of plane angle such that 1° is 1/360 of a complete revolution and equal to π/180 rad. 平面角度的一種度量，使得1°是一整圈的1/360，等于π/180弧度。 |
| ANSI | ANSI |
The acronym for American National Standards Institute. 美國國家標準協(xié)會的縮寫。 |
| Scleroscope hardness test | 反躍式硬度試驗 |
A dynamic indentation-hardness test using a calibrated instrument that drops a diamond-tipped hammer from a fixed height onto the surface of the material being tested. The height of rebound of the hammer is a measure of the hardness of the material. Also known as Shore hardness test. 使用校準儀器的動態(tài)壓痕硬度測試，該儀器將金剛石錘從固定高度落在被測材料表面上。錘的回彈高度是材料硬度的一種度量。也稱為肖氏硬度測試。 |
| Kelvin (K) | 開爾文（K） |
The SI unit of temperature. The Kelvin temperature scale has a zero point at absolute zero and degree intervals (kelvins) the same size as degrees Celsius. The freezing point of water occurs at 273K (0oC) and the boiling point at 373 K (100oC). The base unit of thermodynamic temperature in the SI system. It was previously defined to be the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. From 20 May 2019 it has been defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant kB to be 1.380 649 × 10?23?when expressed in the unit J/K, which is equal to kg.m2/(s2K). 國際單位制中熱力學(xué)溫度的基本單位。開爾文溫度標度在絕對零度和與攝氏度大小相同的度間隔（開爾文）處有一個零點。水的冰點為273K（0oC），沸點為373K（100oC）。它先前被定義為水三相點熱力學(xué)溫度的分數(shù)1/273.16。從2019年5月20日起，通過將玻爾茲曼常數(shù)kB的固定數(shù)值取為1.380649×10來定義?當以等于kg·m2/（s2K）的單位J/K表示時。 |
| Torque multiplier | 扭矩放大器 |
A gearbox used to multiply the torque produced by a small hand wrench (usually a Torque wrench). The output of the multiplier drives the nut or bolt with a torque that is higher, and a speed that is lower, than input torque and speed. There is no torque gage or readout on the multiplier. 一種齒輪箱，用于增加小手動扳手（通常是扭矩扳手）產(chǎn)生的扭矩。倍增器的輸出以比輸入扭矩和速度更高的扭矩和更低的速度驅(qū)動螺母或螺栓。倍增器上沒有扭矩計或讀數(shù)。 |
| Scragging machine | 刮擦機 |
1. A machine to test springs by impulsive loading 2. A machine to increase the service life of coil springs by compressing them to their minimum solid length before use, thereby inducing favourable residual stresses. 1.一種通過沖擊載荷測試彈簧的機器2.一種在使用前將螺旋彈簧壓縮至其最小實心長度以提高其使用壽命的機器，從而產(chǎn)生有利的殘余應(yīng)力。 |
| Pin expansion test | 插頭膨脹試驗 |
A test for determining the ability of a tube to be expanded or for revealing the presence of cracks or other longitudinal weaknesses in it, made by forcing a tapered pin into the open end of the tube, similar to flare test. 通過將錐形銷壓入管道開口端來確定管道膨脹能力或揭示其存在裂紋或其他縱向缺陷的試驗，類似于擴口試驗。 |
| Thread grinding | 螺紋磨削 |
A method for producing or finishing very precise screw threads using a profiled grinding wheel. 一種使用異形砂輪生產(chǎn)或精加工非常精密螺紋的方法。 |
| Tab washer (lock washer) | 止動墊圈（鎖緊墊圈） |
A washer with one or more protruding tabs which can be bent in such a way that a nut or bolt head is prevented from becoming loose. 一種墊圈，具有一個或多個突出凸耳，可彎曲以防止螺母或螺栓頭松動。 |
| Ackerman linkage | 阿克曼裝置 |
A steering linkage on a motor vehicle that approximately gives rolling without slipping of both wheels about the turning point. This is achieved by having the inner stub axle (on the inside of the turning curve) move through a greater angle than the outer stub axle. 機動車輛上的一種轉(zhuǎn)向聯(lián)動裝置，在轉(zhuǎn)向點附近兩個車輪幾乎不會打滑。這是通過使內(nèi)短軸（在轉(zhuǎn)彎曲線的內(nèi)側(cè)）比外短軸移動更大的角度來實現(xiàn)的。 |
| Waist | 腰部 |
The joint in a robot corresponding to the human waist, i.e. providing rotation about a vertical axis. In an articulated robot, the first joint mounted at the base frame. 機器人中的關(guān)節(jié)對應(yīng)于人的腰部，即提供繞垂直軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)。在關(guān)節(jié)式機器人中，第一個關(guān)節(jié)安裝在基架上。 |
| Gearbox | 變速箱 |
A mechanism consisting of meshing gears which transmit power and torque to an output shaft from an input shaft directly connected to an engine. The mechanism is normally contained within a casing filled with lubricating oil. The diagram shows a simple four-speed sliding-mesh gearbox in which gears with different numbers of teeth are slid along parallel splined shafts within the gearbox to mesh with each other and change the ratio of output to input speed (gear ratio). 一種由嚙合齒輪組成的機構(gòu)，將動力和扭矩從直接連接到發(fā)動機的輸入軸傳遞到輸出軸。該機構(gòu)通常包含在充滿潤滑油的外殼內(nèi)。示例一個簡單的四速滑動嚙合齒輪箱，其中具有不同齒數(shù)的齒輪沿著齒輪箱內(nèi)的平行花鍵軸滑動，以相互嚙合并改變輸出與輸入速度的比率（齒輪比）。 |
| Monotron hardness test | 摩諾硬度試驗 |
An obsolete method of determining indentation hardnessby measuring the load required to force a spherical penetrator into a metal to a specified depth. 一種已被淘汰的方法，通過測量將球形侵徹體壓入金屬至規(guī)定深度所需的載荷來確定壓痕硬度。 |
| Toughness (Unit J/m2) | 韌性（單位：J/m2） |
The ability of a metal to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing. 1. The ability of a material to resist crack initiation and propagation. 2. The ability of a material to absorb strain energy without fracturing. 金屬在破裂前吸收能量和塑性變形的能力。1.材料抵抗裂紋萌生和擴展的能力。2.材料在不發(fā)生斷裂的情況下吸收應(yīng)變能的能力。 |
| Martensitic stainless steels | 馬氏體不銹鋼 |
Martensitic stainless steels are hardenable magnetic stainless steels that contain 9–18% chromium, 0.06–1.25% carbon, and typically up to about 2.5% in total of manganese, silicon, nickel, and molybdenum. They can be heat-treated such that martensite is the prime microconstituent, and are usually available in the annealed or quenched-and-tempered condition. They have excellent strength and high hardness, and good corrosion resistance. Uses include cutlery, surgical instruments, rifle barrels, steam turbine tubing and blading, jet engine components, hand tools, machine parts, fasteners, valves, springs, bearings, pump shafts, nozzles, mining equipment, and wear-resistant parts. 馬氏體不銹鋼是一種可硬化的磁性不銹鋼，其鉻含量為9-18%，碳含量為0.06-1.25%，錳、硅、鎳和鉬的總含量通常高達約2.5%。它們可以進行熱處理，使馬氏體成為主要的微組分，通常可在退火或淬火回火條件下獲得。它們具有優(yōu)異的強度和高硬度，以及良好的耐腐蝕性。用途包括餐具、外科器械、步槍槍管、蒸汽輪機管道和葉片、噴氣發(fā)動機部件、手動工具、機械零件、緊固件、閥門、彈簧、軸承、泵軸、噴嘴、采礦設(shè)備和耐磨零件。 |
| Austenite finish temperature (Af) | 奧氏體完成溫度（Af） |
Temperature at which the transformation of martensite into austenite completes upon heating. The same designation is also applied to nonferrous alloys in which martensite transforms into some parent phase. 加熱時馬氏體轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閵W氏體的溫度。相同的名稱也適用于馬氏體轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槟承┠赶嗟挠猩辖稹?/td> |
| Carburizing | 滲碳 |
Absorption and diffusion of carbon into solid ferrous alloys by heating, to a temperature usually above Ac3, in contact with a suitable carbonaceous material. A form of case hardening that produces a carbon gradient extending inward from the surface, enabling the surface layer to be hardened either by quenching directly from the carburizing temperature or by cooling to room temperature, then reaustenitizing and quenching. 通過與合適的含碳材料接觸加熱至通常高于Ac3的溫度，將碳吸收和擴散到固體鐵合金中。一種表面硬化形式，產(chǎn)生從表面向內(nèi)延伸的碳梯度，通過直接從滲碳溫度淬火或冷卻至室溫，然后重新奧氏體化和淬火，使表層硬化。 |
| Allowable stress | 許用應(yīng)力 |
The maximum stress a designer can assume that the parts will stand. It is always less than the minimum strength of the material. For example, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code typically specifies an allowable stress that is one-quarter of the service temperature yield strength of the material. This introduces a four-to-one safety factor into the design process and is intended to compensate for uncertainties in estimates of strength, service loads, etc. 設(shè)計師可以假設(shè)零件能夠承受的最大應(yīng)力。它總是小于材料的最小強度。例如，ASME鍋爐和壓力容器規(guī)范通常指定允許應(yīng)力為材料使用溫度屈服強度的四分之一。這在設(shè)計過程中引入了四比一的安全系數(shù)，旨在補償強度、服務(wù)載荷等估計的不確定性。 |
| Transition temperature (Unit K) | 轉(zhuǎn)變溫度（單位K） |
(1) An arbitrarily defined temperature that lies within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics (as usually determined by tests of notched specimens) change rapidly, such as from primarily fibrous (shear)to primarily crystalline (cleavage) fracture. (2) Sometimes used to denote an arbitrarily defined temperature within a range in which the ductility changes rapidly with temperature. (transition point) 1. The temperature at which the mechanism of fracture in metal alloys having a face-centred cubic crystal structure changes from ductile void growth to brittle cleavage. 2. The temperature at which a material changes from one crystal state to another. （1） 任意定義的溫度，位于金屬斷裂特性（通常通過缺口試樣的試驗確定）快速變化的溫度范圍內(nèi)，如從主要纖維（剪切）斷裂到主要結(jié)晶（解理）斷裂。（2） 有時用于表示延性隨溫度快速變化的范圍內(nèi)的任意定義的溫度。（轉(zhuǎn)變點）1.具有面心立方晶體結(jié)構(gòu)的金屬合金的斷裂機制從韌性孔洞生長轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榇嘈越饫淼臏囟取?.材料從一種晶體狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榱硪环N晶體的溫度。 |
| Thermal insulation (insulation) | 隔熱（絕緣） |
A material that may be a low-conductivity solid, or a porous solid or fabric in which there are voids containing air or another gas, resulting in overall low thermal conductivity. When applied to the surface of a hot or cold object, surface heat transfer is generally reduced. 一種材料，可以是低導(dǎo)電性固體，或多孔固體或織物，其中存在含有空氣或其他氣體的空隙，從而導(dǎo)致整體低導(dǎo)熱性。當應(yīng)用于熱或冷物體的表面時，表面?zhèn)鳠嵬ǔp少。 |
| Stress-concentration factor (Kt) | 應(yīng)力集中系數(shù)（Kt） |
A multiplying factor for applied stress that allows for the presence of a structural discontinuity such as a notch or hole; Kt?equals the ratio of the greatest stress in the region of the discontinuity to the nominal stress for the entire section. Also known as theoretical stress-concentration factor. 施加應(yīng)力的倍增系數(shù)，允許存在結(jié)構(gòu)不連續(xù)性，如缺口或孔；Kt等于不連續(xù)區(qū)域的最大應(yīng)力與整個截面的標稱應(yīng)力之比。也稱為理論應(yīng)力集中系數(shù)。 |
| Brine quenching | 鹽水淬火 |
A quench in which brine (salt water-chlorides, carbonates, and cyanides) is the quenching medium. The salt addition improves the efficiency of water at the vapor phase or hot stage of the quenching process. 一種淬火，其中鹽水（鹽水-氯化物、碳酸鹽和氰化物）是淬火介質(zhì)。添加鹽提高了水在淬火過程的氣相或熱階段的效率。 |
| Zone melting (zone refining) | 區(qū)域熔煉（區(qū)域精煉） |
A process of purification of materials in which a narrow molten zone is moved along the length of the material, resulting in impurities being segregated at one end. 一種凈化材料的過程，其中一個狹窄的熔融區(qū)沿材料長度移動，導(dǎo)致雜質(zhì)在一端分離。 |
| Interrupted aging | 分段時效 |
Aging at two or more temperatures, by steps, and cooling to room temperature after each step. 分為兩個或兩個以上的溫度時效，按順序并在每個步驟后冷卻至室溫。 |
| Absorption dynamometer | 吸收式測功機 |
A dynamometer in which input work or power is dissipated by mechanical friction, electrical resistance, hydraulic resistance, etc. 通過機械摩擦、電阻、液壓阻力等耗散輸入功或功率的測功機。 |
| Depth gauge | 深度計 |
1. A precision instrument, typically consisting of a machine-divided steel rule passing through a hardened-steel cross head, used to measure the depths of slots, holes, shoulders, projections, etc. 2. A device used by divers to indicate the water depth. 1. 一種精密儀器，通常由穿過硬化鋼十字頭的機器分割鋼尺組成，用于測量槽、孔、肩部、突起等的深度。 2. 潛水員用來指示深度的裝置水深。 |
| Shear lip | 剪切唇 |
A narrow, slanting ridge along the edge of a fracture surface. The term sometimes also denotes a narrow, often crescent-shaped, fibrous region at the edge of a fracture that is otherwise of the cleavage type, even though this fibrous region is in the same plane as the rest of the fracture surface. 沿斷裂面邊緣的狹窄傾斜脊。該術(shù)語有時還表示斷裂邊緣處的狹窄、通常為新月形的纖維區(qū)域，否則為解理型，即使該纖維區(qū)域與斷裂表面的其余部分位于同一平面內(nèi)。 |
| Eccentric load | 偏心載荷 |
The external load on a fastener or groups of fasteners is said to be eccentric if the resultant of that load does not pass through the centroid of the group of fasteners (eccentric shear load ) or does not coincide with the bolt axis (eccentric tensile load ). 如果一個或多個緊固件上的外部載荷的合力未穿過緊固件組的質(zhì)心（偏心剪切載荷）或與螺栓軸不重合（偏心拉伸載荷），則稱該外部載荷為偏心。 |
| Metre (m) | 米（m） |
The base unit of length in the SI system. It is equal to the distance travelled by light in vacuum in 1/299 792 458 seconds. SI系統(tǒng)中長度的基本單位。它等于光在真空中在1/299792458秒內(nèi)傳播的距離。 |
| Artificial aging | 人工時效 |
Aging above room temperature. 在室溫以上的時效。 |
| Joint diagrams | 接合處關(guān)系圖 |
Mathematical diagrams which illustrate the forces on and deflections of fasteners and joint members. 說明緊固件和連接件上的力和變形的數(shù)學(xué)圖。 |
| Valve spring | 氣門彈簧 |
The spring that restores a valve to its closed position after having been opened, and is also intended to prevent valve bounce. 在閥門打開后將其恢復(fù)到關(guān)閉位置的彈簧，也用于防止閥門反彈。 |
| Span (Unit m) | 跨度（單位：m） |
A dimension measured between the extremities of a body or structure, such as between the tips of a wing or the supports of a bridge. 在身體或結(jié)構(gòu)的末端之間測量的尺寸，如機翼尖端或橋梁支架之間。 |
| Modulus of rupture | 斷裂模量 |
Nominal stress at fracture in a bend test or torsion test. In bending, modulus of rupture is the bending moment at fracture divided by the section modulus. In torsion, modulus of rupture is the torque at fracture divided by the polar section modulus. 彎曲試驗或扭轉(zhuǎn)試驗中的標稱斷裂應(yīng)力。在彎曲中，斷裂模量是斷裂時的彎矩除以截面模量。在扭轉(zhuǎn)中，斷裂模量是斷裂時的扭矩除以極截面模量。 |
| Selective quenching | 局部淬火 |
Quenching only certain portions of an object. 僅淬火工件的某些部分。 |
| Square | 正方 |
1. A regular quadrilateral, i.e. a polygon with four equal sides and four right angles. 2. An instrument to check angles of internal and external surfaces and flatness. 1.正四邊形，即具有四條等邊和四個直角的多邊形。2.一種檢查內(nèi)外表面角度和平面度的儀器。 |
| Fatigue life (N) | 疲勞壽命（N） |
The number of cycles of stress or strain of a specified character that a given specimen sustains before failure occurs. 給定試樣在失效發(fā)生之前所承受的特定特征的應(yīng)力或應(yīng)變的循環(huán)次數(shù)。 |
| Grain growth | 晶粒生長 |
An increase in the average size of the grains in polycrystalline metal, usually as a result of heating at elevated temperature. 多晶金屬中晶粒平均尺寸的增加，通常是高溫加熱的結(jié)果。 |
| Indentation hardness | 壓痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material to indentation as determined by hardness testing. The indenter, which may be spherical or diamond shaped, is pressed into the surface of a metal under specified load for a given time. (Unit Pa or, non-SI, kgf/mm2) A measurement of hardness taken by means of an indenter, pressed into a material by a load, which makes a permanent impression. The hardness is given by the load divided by the projected (sometimes surface) area of the indentation. Plasticity theory shows that the hardness is about 2.5–3 times the uniaxial yield stress. 通過硬度測試確定的材料抗壓痕的能力。壓頭可以是球形或菱形，在規(guī)定的載荷下壓入金屬表面一段時間。（單位Pa或，非國際單位制，kgf/mm2）通過壓頭測量硬度，壓入材料，形成永久壓痕。硬度由載荷除以壓痕的投影（有時是表面）面積得出。塑性理論表明，硬度約為單軸屈服應(yīng)力的2.5–3倍。 |
| Mean value | 平均值 |
The average value of a number of data points. Computed by dividing the sum of all data by the number of data points. 多個數(shù)據(jù)點的平均值。通過將所有數(shù)據(jù)的總和除以數(shù)據(jù)點的數(shù)量來計算。 |
| Static equilibrium | 靜態(tài)平衡 |
A solid body, structure, or physical system (or any subdivided part) will be in static equilibrium, either at rest or moving with constant velocity, if the resultants of all external forces and moments acting on it are zero. 如果作用在固體上的所有外力和力矩的合力為零，則固體、結(jié)構(gòu)或物理系統(tǒng)（或任何細分部分）無論是靜止還是以恒定速度移動，都是處于靜態(tài)平衡。 |
| Extra spring | 額外彈簧 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys corresponding approximately to a coldworked state above full hard beyond which further cold work will not measurably increase the strength and hardness. 有色金屬合金和一些鐵合金的回火狀態(tài)，大約對應(yīng)于高于全硬的冷加工狀態(tài)，超過該狀態(tài)進一步冷加工將不會顯著增加強度和硬度。 |
| Tare weight (Unit N) | 皮重（單位N） |
The weight of an empty container. 空容器的重量。 |
| Newton’s law of gravitation | 牛頓萬有引力定律 |
(Newton’s law of universal gravitation) Any two bodies exert a gravitational force of attraction F on each other directed along the line joining their centres of mass, in magnitude proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance r between them. （牛頓萬有引力定律）任何兩個物體沿其質(zhì)心連接線相互施加引力F，其大小與其質(zhì)量乘積成正比，與它們之間距離r的平方成反比。 |
| X–Y recorder | X-Y記錄儀 |
A device that plots a graph of a variable y against a variable x, both in the form of voltages. 一種繪制變量y和變量x的圖形的設(shè)備，兩者都以伏特數(shù)的形式。 |
| Anneal to temper | 退火回火 |
A final partial anneal that softens a cold worked nonferrous alloy to a specified level of hardness or tensile strength. 將冷加工的有色金屬合金軟化到規(guī)定的硬度或抗拉強度水平的最終局部退火。 |
| Fatigue strength | 疲勞強度 |
The stress to which a metal can be subjected for a specified number of cyclic changes of stress. The maximum stress that can be sustained for a specified number of cycles without failure. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. 金屬在指定數(shù)量的應(yīng)力循環(huán)變化下可以承受的應(yīng)力。可以在指定的循環(huán)次數(shù)內(nèi)持續(xù)而不失效的最大應(yīng)力。還應(yīng)說明最大應(yīng)力值和應(yīng)力比。 |
| Hypoeutectic alloy | 亞共晶合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectic, any alloy whose composition has an excess of base metal compared with the eutectic composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectic structure. 在呈現(xiàn)共晶的合金系統(tǒng)中，其成分比共晶成分多的任何合金，其平衡微觀結(jié)構(gòu)包含一些共晶結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Total combustion air (Unit kg/s) | 總?cè)紵諝猓▎挝唬簁g/s） |
1. The combination of the stoichiometric flow of air required for combustion together with any excess air. 2. The flow of fresh air into a boiler plus any flue gas recirculated. 1.燃燒所需的化學(xué)計量空氣流與任何過量空氣的組合。2.進入鍋爐的新鮮空氣流加上再循環(huán)的任何煙氣。 |
| Degradation | 降解 |
The reduction with time of the physical properties of a material. 材料的物理性質(zhì)隨時間的減少。 |
| Breaking stress | 斷裂應(yīng)力 |
The stress at failure. Also known as rupture stress. 失效時的應(yīng)力。也稱為破裂應(yīng)力。 |
| Bainitic hardening | 貝氏體硬化 |
Quench-hardening treatment resulting principally in the formation of bainite. 淬火硬化處理主要導(dǎo)致貝氏體的形成。 |
| Mechatronics | 機電一體化 |
The integration of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering, and software engineering. 機械工程、電氣工程、電子工程和軟件工程的集成。 |
| Strain energy | 應(yīng)變能 |
A measure of the energy absorption characteristics of a material determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain diagram. 通過測量應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變圖下的面積確定的材料能量吸收特性的度量。 |
| Acceleration-error constant | 加速度誤差常數(shù) |
When the reference (demand) input to a control system is parabolic, the output signal will also be parabolic in steady state. The signal that is constant in this situation is the acceleration and thus for a parabolic input the steady-state error, referred to as the acceleration-error constant, is the error in the acceleration. 當控制系統(tǒng)的參考（需求）輸入是拋物線時，輸出信號在穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)下也將是拋物線。在這種情況下恒定的信號是加速度，因此對于拋物線輸入，稱為加速度誤差常數(shù)的穩(wěn)態(tài)誤差是加速度中的誤差。 |
| Flange | 法蘭 |
Flange refers to a head style for bolts where there is a circular ‘flange’ under the head that acts like a washer to distribute a load. A flange is a projected flat rim or collar. 1. Annular rims at the ends of pipes (flanged pipe) or shafts by which they may be coupled together using bolts that pass through holes in the flanges (flange coupling, flange union), or by toggle clamps around the periphery. 2. An extended rim on a wheel that positions it laterally on a track. Commonly used for railway rolling stock. 3. The top and bottom parts of an I-beam. 法蘭是指螺栓的頭部樣式，其中頭部下方有一個圓形“法蘭”，其作用類似于墊圈以分配載荷。凸緣是凸出的平輪輞或凸緣。1.管道（法蘭管）或軸端部的環(huán)形邊緣，通過這些邊緣，可以使用穿過法蘭孔的螺栓（法蘭聯(lián)軸器、法蘭接頭）或通過周邊的肘節(jié)夾將管道連接在一起。2.車輪上的延伸輪輞，將其橫向定位在軌道上。通常用于鐵路車輛。3.工字梁的頂部和底部。 |
| Full-size fastener | 全尺寸緊固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds ≈ d or ds > d, or screw threaded to the head, or fully threaded stud. 柄徑為ds≈d或ds>d的緊固件，或螺紋連接到頭部，或全螺紋螺柱。 |
| Corrosion failure | 腐蝕失效 |
1. The failure of a component or structure after corrosion has reduced the load-bearing area to an unsupportable level. 2. A situation in which a mechanism cannot function owing to corrosion products preventing free movement at joints. 1、部件或結(jié)構(gòu)在腐蝕后失效，使承重面積減少到無法支撐的程度。2.由于腐蝕產(chǎn)物阻止關(guān)節(jié)處的自由運動，導(dǎo)致機構(gòu)無法運行的情況。 |
| Slip line | 滑移線 |
The trace of the slip plane on a viewing surface; the trace is usually observable only if the surface has been polished before deformation. The usual observation on metal crystals (under the light microscope) is of a cluster of slip lines known as a slip band. 滑動平面在觀察表面上的軌跡；只有在變形前對表面進行拋光，才能觀察到痕跡。通常對金屬晶體的觀察（在光學(xué)顯微鏡下）是一組稱為滑移帶的滑移線。 |
| Equation, long form | 方程，長格式 |
An equation which relates the torque applied to a bolt to the preload created in it, and involves fastener geometry and the coefficient of friction between mating surfaces. A theoretical equation based on rigid body mechanics and the assumption that the geometry of the fastener is perfectly described by blueprint dimensions. 將施加在螺栓上的扭矩與螺栓中產(chǎn)生的預(yù)載荷聯(lián)系起來的方程，該方程涉及緊固件幾何形狀和配合面之間的摩擦系數(shù)。基于剛體力學(xué)和緊固件幾何結(jié)構(gòu)由藍圖尺寸完美描述的假設(shè)的理論方程。 |
| Stress relaxation | 應(yīng)力松弛 |
The slow decrease in stress level within a part (e.g., a bolt) which is heavily loaded under constant deflection conditions. A ‘‘cousin’’ to creep, which is a slow change in geometry under constant stress conditions. The time-dependent decrease in stress in a solid under constant strain at constant temperature due to creep. The stress-relaxation behavior of a metal is usually shown in a stress-relaxation curve. 在恒定撓曲條件下，零件（如螺栓）內(nèi)的應(yīng)力水平緩慢降低，該零件承受重荷載。蠕變的“表親”，是在恒定應(yīng)力條件下幾何結(jié)構(gòu)的緩慢變化。在恒定溫度下，由于蠕變，固體在恒定應(yīng)變下的應(yīng)力隨時間變化的減小。金屬的應(yīng)力松弛行為通常顯示在應(yīng)力松弛曲線中。 |
| Cellular materials | 蜂窩材料 |
There are three broad classes of materials that have a sponge-like structure containing many small closed or open (interlinked) pores or cells. Natural cellular materials include bone, cork, sponge, and wood, and have numerous well-known uses. Wide ranges of cellular plastics are produced using blowing or foaming agents, such as air, ammonium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, etc., to create pores during the processing of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers. Rigid foams have moderate compressive strength and can be moulded and machined. 有三大類材料具有海綿狀結(jié)構(gòu)，包含許多小的封閉或開放（互連）孔或細胞。天然多孔材料包括骨骼、軟木、海綿和木材，有許多眾所周知的用途。使用發(fā)泡劑或發(fā)泡劑（如空氣、碳酸銨、碳酸氫鈉等）生產(chǎn)各種泡沫塑料，以在熱塑性或熱固性聚合物加工過程中產(chǎn)生孔隙。硬質(zhì)泡沫具有中等抗壓強度，可模制和機加工。 |
| Threading machine | 螺紋機 |
A machine used to cut an external thread on a rod, tube, bolt blank, etc. or an internal thread in a hole, tube, nut blank, etc. 用于切割桿、管、螺栓毛坯等上的外螺紋或孔、管、螺母毛坯等中的內(nèi)螺紋的機器。 |
| Creep | 蠕變 |
The slow, plastic deformation of a body under heavy loads. Time-dependent plasticity. Time-dependent and permanent deformation of material under constant load or stress. The strain increases with time at a rate that increases with increasing temperature. Creep can lead to large strain and eventual failure, and so limit the lifetime of components subjected to load at high temperature. Creep in metals becomes significant at homologous temperatures in excess of about 0.4, e.g. 1200°C for tungsten, 504°C for titanium, 450°C for iron, and 100°C for aluminium. 物體在重載荷下緩慢的塑性變形，隨時間變化的可塑性，材料在恒定載荷或應(yīng)力下隨時間變化的永久變形。應(yīng)變隨時間以隨溫度升高而增加的速率增加。蠕變可能導(dǎo)致大應(yīng)變和最終失效，從而限制部件在高溫下承受載荷的壽命。當同源溫度超過約0.4℃時，金屬蠕變變得顯著，例如鎢為1200℃，鈦為504℃，鐵為450℃，鋁為100℃。 |
| Calorie | 卡路里 |
(cal, gram calorie, small calorie) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit of energy equal to 4.186 8 J. It is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of pure airfree water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C at standard atmospheric pressure. （卡，克熱量，小熱量）一種已被淘汰的（即非SI）能量單位，等于4.1868J。它是在標準大氣壓力下將1克純無空氣水的溫度從14.5℃升高到15.5℃所需的能量。 |
| Composite material | 復(fù)合材料 |
(composite structure) A general term used of two or more materials or structures acting in combination (e.g. concrete, reinforced concrete, filamentreinforced polymers, laminated materials, particulate-reinforced materials, flitched beams), resulting in values of strength, stiffness, or toughness greater than the base matrix material alone. （復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)）用于組合作用的兩種或多種材料或結(jié)構(gòu)的通用術(shù)語（例如混凝土、鋼筋混凝土、纖維增強聚合物、層壓材料、顆粒增強材料、切割梁），從而產(chǎn)生強度、剛度或韌性值大于單獨的基體材料。 |
| Condensate strainer | 冷凝水過濾器 |
A filter in a steam plant used to remove particulate matter from condensate before it is added to feedwater. 蒸汽設(shè)備中的過濾器，用于在將冷凝水添加到給水中之前去除冷凝水中的顆粒物。 |
| Weight (W) (Unit N) | 重量（W）（單位：N） |
The force of attraction on a body due to gravity. A body’s weight is the product of its mass and the gravitational field strength at that point. Mass remains constant, but weight depends on the object’s position on the Earth’s surface, decreasing with increasing altitude. If g is the acceleration due to gravity, the weight of a mass m is given by W = mg. On Earth, the acceleration due to gravity is approximately 9.81 m/s2, so that the weight of a 1 kg mass is 9.81 N. More generally, the weight is the force exerted on the mass of a body when in the gravitational field of another body. 重力由于重力作用在物體上的吸引力。物體的重量是其質(zhì)量和該點引力場強度的乘積。質(zhì)量保持不變，但重量取決于物體在地球表面的位置，隨著海拔的升高而減小。如果g是重力引起的加速度，則質(zhì)量m的重量由W=mg給出。在地球上，重力引起的加速度約為9.81m/s2，因此1千克質(zhì)量的重量為9.81N。更一般地說，重量是在另一個物體的重力場中施加在物體質(zhì)量上的力。 |
| Chafing fatigue | 磨損疲勞 |
Fatigue damage initiated in a surface damaged by rubbing against another body. 因與另一個物體摩擦而損壞的表面引起的疲勞損壞。 |
| Bearing stress | 承受應(yīng)力 |
The force per unit of bearing area. 每單位承載面積的力。 |
| International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS) | 國際實用溫標（IPTS） |
A close approximation to the thermodynamic temperature scale based upon the triple points of hydrogen (13.8 K), neon (24.6 K), oxygen (54.4 K), argon (83.8 K), mercury (234.3 K), and water (273.2 K); the melting point of gallium (302.9 K); and the freezing points of indium (429.7 K), tin (505.1 K), zinc (692.7 K), aluminium (933.5 K), silver (1 234.9 K), gold (1 337.3 K), and copper (1 基于氫（13.8K）、氖（24.6K）、氧（54.4K）、氬（83.8K），汞（234.3K）和水（273.2K）的三相點的熱力學(xué)溫度標度的近似值；鎵的熔點（302.9K）；銦（429.7K）、錫（505.1K）、鋅（692.7K），鋁（933.5K）、銀（1234.9K）、金（1337.3K）和銅等。 |
| Circlip | 卡簧 |
(snap ring) An external or internal retaining ring that locates parts of circular cross section in an axial direction. It consists of an incomplete ring, with holes on either side of the gap, that may be expanded by a plier-like tool to pass into a groove in a shaft or contracted to pass into a groove in a bore. （卡環(huán)）在軸向定位圓形橫截面部分的外部或內(nèi)部保持環(huán)。它由一個不完整的環(huán)組成，在間隙的任一側(cè)都有孔，可以通過鉗形工具將其擴展以進入軸中的凹槽或收縮以進入孔中的凹槽。 |
| Cooling curve | 冷卻曲線 |
A curve showing the relation between time and temperature during the cooling of a material. 顯示材料冷卻過程中時間和溫度之間關(guān)系的曲線。 |
| Ductile | 延展性材料 |
(ductile material) Describes a material that can be deformed permanently to large strains without fracture. If a bolt can be stretched well past its yield point before breaking, it is said to be ductile. （延展性材料）描述一種可以永久變形到大應(yīng)變而不斷裂的材料。如果螺栓在斷裂前可以很好地拉伸超過其屈服點，則稱其具有延展性。 |
| Form of thread | 螺紋形式 |
The profile of a thread in an axial plane for a length of one pitch. 一個螺距長度的螺紋在軸向平面中的輪廓。 |
| Fillet | 圓角 |
Transition region between bolt head and shank, or between other changes in diameter. 螺栓頭和螺栓桿之間的過渡區(qū)域，或其他直徑變化之間的過渡區(qū)域。 |
| Universal joint (Hooke’s joint) | 萬向節(jié)（胡克接頭） |
A double-pivoted connection that allows power and torque to be transmitted between two shafts at an angle to each other. For constant driving angular velocity of the input yoke, the angular velocity of the output yoke fluctuates by amounts depending on the angle of intersection of the shafts. Speeds of the driving and driven shafts may be made identical (giving a constant-velocity joint) when an intermediate shaft, at each end of which there is a universal joint, is interposed. The driving and driven shafts must be equally inclined to the intermediate shaft, the two forks of which must lie in the same plane. 一種雙樞軸連接，允許動力和扭矩以一定角度在兩個軸之間傳遞。對于輸入磁軛的恒定驅(qū)動角速度，輸出磁軛的角速度根據(jù)軸的相交角度波動。當插入中間軸時，驅(qū)動軸和從動軸的速度可以相同（提供恒定速度接頭），中間軸的兩端都有萬向節(jié)。主動軸和從動軸必須與中間軸傾斜相等，中間軸的兩個叉必須位于同一平面內(nèi)。 |
| Homogenizing | 均質(zhì)化 |
Holding at high temperature to eliminate or decrease chemical segregation by diffusion. 保持高溫以消除或減少擴散引起的化學(xué)偏析。 |
| Guided bend | 導(dǎo)向彎曲 |
The bend obtained by use of a plunger to force the specimen into a die in order to produce the desired contour of the outside and inside surfaces of the specimen. 通過使用柱塞將試樣壓入模具中獲得的彎曲，以產(chǎn)生試樣外表面和內(nèi)表面所需的輪廓。 |
| Creep modulus (Unit Pa) | 蠕變模量（單位Pa） |
The ratio of stress/strain at a chosen strain level obtained from creep tests, often plotted against time to show changes in stiffness. 從蠕變測試中獲得的選定應(yīng)變水平下的應(yīng)力/應(yīng)變比，通常隨時間繪制以顯示剛度的變化。 |
| Crest | 波峰 |
The highest point of a wave or of a screw thread. 波浪或螺紋的最高點。 |
| Kilo (k) | 千（k） |
An SI unit prefix indicating a multiplier of 103; thus kilometre (km) is a unit of length equal to one thousand metres. 表示乘法器103的SI單位前綴；1千米是長度單位，等于1000米。 |
| Planar anisotropy | 平面異向性 |
A variation in physical and/or mechanical properties with respect to direction within the plane of material in sheet form. 在片狀材料平面內(nèi)，物理和/或機械性能相對于方向的變化。 |
| Clevis joint | U形接頭 |
A joint formed by two parallel cantilever beams pressed upon a component between the beams. 由兩個平行懸臂梁壓在梁之間的部件上形成的接頭。 |
| Thermocouple | 熱電偶 |
A device for measuring temperature, consisting of lengths of two dissimilar metals or alloys that are electrically joined at one end and connected to a voltage-measuring instrument at the other end. When one junction is hotter than the other, a thermal electromotive force is produced that is roughly proportional to the difference in temperature between the hot and cold junctions. 一種測量溫度的裝置，由兩種不同的金屬或合金組成，一端電連接，另一端與電壓測量儀相連。當一個結(jié)比另一個結(jié)更熱時，產(chǎn)生的熱電動勢大致與熱結(jié)和冷結(jié)之間的溫差成比例。 |
| Testing machine | 試驗機 |
A machine used to apply either a steady or oscillatory or impact load to a testpiece. The load may be tensile, compressive, shear, bending, or torsional. 用于向試件施加穩(wěn)定或振蕩或沖擊載荷的機器。載荷可以是拉伸的、壓縮的、剪切的、彎曲的或扭轉(zhuǎn)的。 |
| Crank pin | 曲柄銷 |
It is a short shaft parallel to the axis of the crankshaft but radially offset from it, to which is attached the big end of a connecting rod in a bearing. Sometimes the crank pin is supported at one end only (a wrist pin) but in built-up or one-piece forged crankshafts, the crank pin is supported by thick plates (crank arms, crank webs) at either end. 它是一個短軸，平行于曲軸的軸線，但徑向偏移，軸承中連桿的大端連接到該短軸上。有時曲柄銷僅在一端支撐（腕銷），在組合式或整體鍛造曲軸中，曲柄銷在兩端由厚板（曲柄臂、曲柄腹板）支撐。 |
| Ultrasonic method | 超聲波法 |
Measuring elongation uses a sound pulse, generated at one end of a bolt, that travels the length of a bolt, bounces off the far end, and returns to the sound generator in a measured period of time. 測量伸長使用在螺栓一端產(chǎn)生的聲音脈沖，該脈沖沿螺栓長度傳播，從遠端反彈，并在測量的時間段內(nèi)返回到聲音發(fā)生器。 |
| Bright nitriding | 光亮氮化 |
Nitriding in a protective medium to prevent discoloration of the bright surface. 在保護介質(zhì)中氮化，以防止光亮表面變色。 |
| Total-loss lubrication | 全損耗潤滑 |
A system in which the lubricating oil for an internal-combustion engine is burned together with the fuel. 內(nèi)燃機潤滑油與燃料一起燃燒的系統(tǒng)。 |
| Reproducibility | 再現(xiàn)性 |
A term used to describe test-result variability associated with specifically defined components of variance obtained both from within a single laboratory and between laboratories. 一個術(shù)語，用于描述與從單個實驗室內(nèi)和實驗室之間獲得的具體定義的方差分量相關(guān)的測試結(jié)果可變性。 |
| Oxidized surface (on steel) | 氧化表面（在鋼上） |
Surface having a thin, tightly adhering, oxidized skin (from straw to blue in color), extending in from the edge of a coil or sheet. Sometimes called annealing border. 表面具有薄的、緊密粘附的氧化皮（從稻草色到藍色），從線圈或薄片的邊緣延伸。有時稱為退火邊界。 |
| Subcritical annealing | 不完全退火 |
A process anneal performed on ferrous alloys at a temperature below Ac1. 在低于Ac1的溫度下對鐵合金進行的工藝退火。 |
| Hardness | 硬度 |
A measure of the resistance of a material to surface indentation or abrasion; may be thought of as a function of the stress required to produce some specified type of surface deformation. There is no absolute scale for hardness; therefore, to express hardness quantitatively, each type of test has its own scale of arbitrarily defined hardness. Indentation hardness can be measured by Brinell hardness test, Rockwell hardness test, Vickers hardness test, Knoop hardness test, and the Scleroscope hardness test. The ability of a ductile material to resist permanent deformation. It is a measure of plastic flow properties determined principally by indentation testing, but scratch hardness and rebound hardness are also employed. hardness scales The different measures of hardness given by different tests, such as indentation pressure in the Brinell and in the Vickers hardness tests, and the different Rockwell hardness numbers. 測量材料對表面壓痕或磨損的阻力；可以認為是產(chǎn)生某些特定類型的表面變形所需的應(yīng)力的函數(shù)。硬度沒有絕對刻度，因此為了定量表示硬度，每種類型的試驗都有自己的任意定義硬度等級。壓痕硬度可通過布氏硬度試驗、洛氏硬度試驗，維氏硬度試驗和努氏硬度試驗以及硬化鏡硬度試驗進行測量。延展性材料具有抵抗永久變形的能力，它是主要通過壓痕測試確定的塑性流動性能的量度，也使用劃痕硬度和回彈硬度。硬度標度不同試驗給出的不同硬度測量值，如布氏硬度試驗和維氏硬度試驗中的壓痕壓力，以及不同的洛氏硬度值。 |
| Pressure storage tank | 壓力貯存器 |
(pressure vessel) A closed container for storing gases or volatile liquids, such as liquefied gases, at pressures significantly above atmospheric pressure. Such tanks are commonly cylindrical with domed ends, spherical, spheroidal, torispherical or hemispherical. （壓力容器）密閉容器：在大氣壓以上的壓力下儲存氣體或揮發(fā)性液體，如液化氣體的密閉容器。此類貯存器通常為圓柱形，具有半球形端部、球形、球面或半球形。 |
| Hydrogen-induced delayed cracking | 氫致延遲開裂 |
A term sometimes used to identify a form of hydrogen embrittlement in which a metal appears to fracture spontaneously under a steady stress less than the yield stress. There is usually a delay between the application of stress (or exposure of the stressed metal to hydrogen) and the onset of cracking. Also referred to as static fatigue. 有時用于識別一種氫脆形式的術(shù)語，其中金屬在小于屈服應(yīng)力的穩(wěn)定應(yīng)力下似乎會自發(fā)斷裂。在施加應(yīng)力（或?qū)⑹軕?yīng)力金屬暴露于氫）與開裂開始之間通常存在延遲。也稱為靜態(tài)疲勞。 |
| Coupling | 耦合 |
A detachable mechanism forming a joint. A connector of two components of a joint. 1. Any mechanical fastening connecting two or more shafts, or parts of a mechanism, in order to transmit power. 2. A device for connecting two vehicles. 一種形成關(guān)節(jié)的可拆卸機構(gòu)。關(guān)節(jié)的兩個組件的連接器。1.連接兩個或多個軸或機構(gòu)部件的任何機械緊固件，以傳遞動力。2.連接兩輛車的裝置。 |
| Wind pump | 風(fēng)泵 |
A pump driven directly by a windmill on a tower. Widely used in remote locations. 由塔上的風(fēng)車直接驅(qū)動的泵。廣泛應(yīng)用于偏遠地區(qū)。 |
| Low-E coating | 低輻射涂層 |
(low-emittance coating) A thin metallic or metal-oxide coating on a glass sheet to absorb and reflect infrared radiation. The coating is applied either by a pyrolytic chemical vapour-deposition process (hard coat), or by sputtering (soft coat). （低輻射涂層）玻璃板上的薄金屬或金屬氧化物涂層，用于吸收和反射紅外輻射。通過熱解化學(xué)氣相沉積工藝（硬涂層）或濺射（軟涂層）施加涂層。 |
| Oxygen probe | 定氧測頭 |
An atmosphere-monitoring device that electronically measures the difference between the partial pressure of oxygen in a furnace or furnace supply atmosphere and the external air. 一種大氣監(jiān)測裝置，以電子方式測量熔爐或熔爐供應(yīng)大氣中的氧分壓與外部空氣之間的差值。 |
| Centrifugal pump | 離心泵 |
A pump into which liquid enters axially through the eye of the casing and is then accelerated through an impeller, thereby increasing both its kinetic energy and pressure before being delivered to a ring diffuser (the volute) that further increases the liquid pressure and from which it leaves. 一種泵，液體通過泵殼的眼軸向進入，然后通過葉輪加速，從而在輸送到環(huán)形擴散器（蝸殼）之前增加其動能和壓力，從而進一步增加液體壓力并從中流出樹葉。 |
| Submerged-electrode furnace | 浸入式電極爐 |
A furnace used for liquid carburizing of parts by heating molten salt baths with the use of electrodes submerged in the ceramic lining. 一種通過使用浸入陶瓷襯里中的電極加熱熔融鹽浴對零件進行液體滲碳的爐。 |
| Belt furnace | 帶式爐 |
A continuous-type furnace which uses a mesh-type or cast-link belt to carry parts through the furnace. 一種連續(xù)式爐，它使用網(wǎng)狀或鑄造鏈帶將零件運送通過爐子。 |
| Kilocalorie | 千卡 |
(Cal, kg-cal, kilogram-calorie, large calorie) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit of energy equal to 1 000 cal. （卡，千克卡，千克卡路里，大卡路里）一種已被淘汰的（即非國際單位制）能量單位，等于1000卡。 |
| Horsepower | 馬力 |
Unit indicating the rate at which work is done. The electrical equivalent of one horsepower is 746 watts. 單位表示完成工作的速率。一馬力的電當量為746瓦。 |
| Pressure recovery (Unit Pa) | 壓力恢復(fù)（單位Pa） |
The progressive increase in static pressure for unseparated flow through a diverging nozzle or diffuser. 通過發(fā)散噴嘴或擴散器的未分離流的靜壓逐漸增加。 |
| Ferritizing anneal | 鐵素體化退火 |
A treatment given as-cast gray or ductile (nodular) iron to produce an essentially ferritic matrix. For the term to be meaningful, the final microstructure desired or the time-temperature cycle used must be specified. 給予鑄態(tài)灰鐵或球墨鑄鐵以產(chǎn)生基本鐵素體基體的處理。為了使該術(shù)語有意義，必須指定所需的最終微觀結(jié)構(gòu)或使用的時間-溫度循環(huán)。 |
| Creep–time relations | 蠕變時間關(guān)系 |
Algebraic or numerical relations between creep strain and time at constant stress. 恒定應(yīng)力下蠕變應(yīng)變與時間之間的代數(shù)或數(shù)值關(guān)系。 |
| Diaphragm meter | 隔膜計 |
A dry flow meter in which there are two or more interconnected chambers, each having a diaphragm in the wall. The chambers empty and fill alternately and the flow rate of gas is determined from the movement of diaphragms. Diaphragm meters are commonly used to monitor domestic and commercial gas supply. 一種干式流量計，其中有兩個或多個相互連接的腔室，每個腔室的壁上都有一個隔膜。腔室交替排空和填充，氣體流速由隔膜的移動確定。隔膜流量計通常用于監(jiān)測家用和商用燃氣供應(yīng)。 |
| Active accommodation | 主動適應(yīng)能力 |
The use of information from sensors, for example, in a vision system, that allows a robot to show accommodation to the environment. 使用來自傳感器的信息，例如在視覺系統(tǒng)中，允許機器人顯示對環(huán)境的適應(yīng)。 |
| Compression pressure (Unit Pa) | 壓縮壓力（單位Pa） |
The pressure produced in a cylinder of a piston engine by compression of air in the absence of fuel. 在沒有燃料的情況下通過壓縮空氣在活塞發(fā)動機的氣缸中產(chǎn)生的壓力。 |
| Corrosive wear | 腐蝕磨損 |
Wear in which chemical or electrochemical reaction with the environment is significant. 與環(huán)境發(fā)生顯著化學(xué)或電化學(xué)反應(yīng)的磨損。 |
| Reduction in area (RA) | 縮小面積（RA） |
The difference between the original cross-sectional area of a tensile specimen and the smallest area at or after fracture as specified for the material undergoing testing. Also known as reduction of area. 拉伸試樣的原始橫截面積與試驗材料斷裂時或斷裂后的最小面積之間的差值，也稱為減少面積。 |
| Ablation cooling | 燒蝕冷卻 |
The cooling of a surface exposed to very high external gas temperature which causes the surface material to sublime, melt or decompose. The chemical process absorbs heat while the mass flow of material away from the surface blocks the heat flux from the hot gas. 冷卻暴露于非常高的外部氣體溫度的表面，導(dǎo)致表面材料升華、熔化或分解。化學(xué)過程吸收熱量，而遠離表面的物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量流阻擋了來自熱氣體的熱通量。 |
| Crest clearance (Unit m) | 頂隙（單位米） |
For screw threads and gearing, the radial clearance between the crest of a thread (or gear) and the root of the engaging thread (or gear). 對于螺紋和齒輪，螺紋（或齒輪）的頂部與嚙合螺紋（或齒輪）的根部之間的徑向間隙。 |
| Mohr–Coulomb fracture criterion | Mohr–Coulomb斷裂準則 |
A fracture criterion, primarily for brittle materials, according to which failure occurs when the stress at a point in a material falls outside the envelope created by the Mohr’s circles for uniaxial tensile strength and uniaxial compressive strength. 一種斷裂準則，主要適用于脆性材料，根據(jù)該準則，當材料中某一點的應(yīng)力落在單軸抗拉強度和單軸抗壓強度的莫爾圓所形成的包絡(luò)線之外時，就會發(fā)生斷裂。 |
| Diffusion coating | 擴散涂層 |
Coating on metal for corrosion- and/or oxidation-resistance. Coatings are produced by heating a metal in contact with an alloy in powder, liquid, or gaseous form at elevated temperature such that atoms of the coating diffuse into the substrate. Examples include chromium, aluminium, or silicon on substrates such as nickel-based superalloys, steels, and refractory metals. 金屬上的防腐和/或抗氧化涂層。涂層是通過在高溫下加熱與粉末、液體或氣體形式的合金接觸的金屬，從而使涂層的原子擴散到基體中而產(chǎn)生的。實例包括基底上的鉻、鋁或硅，如鎳基高溫合金、鋼和耐火金屬。 |
| Vacuum relief valve | 真空安全閥 |
A valve that admits gas to a system under vacuum, should the degree of vacuum become excessive. 如果真空度過高，允許氣體在真空下進入系統(tǒng)的閥門。 |
| Centrifugal clutch | 離心離合器 |
A clutch that engages and disengages at a defined speed of rotation of the driving shaft, as when expanding friction shoes act against the inside of a drum. 一種離合器，以驅(qū)動軸規(guī)定的旋轉(zhuǎn)速度接合和分離，如當膨脹的摩擦片作用在滾筒內(nèi)部時。 |
| Combined carbon | 復(fù)合碳 |
The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is present as other than free carbon. 鋼或鑄鐵中總碳中除游離碳外的部分。 |
| Torsion test | 扭力測試 |
A test designed to provide data for the calculation of the shear modulus, modulus of rupture in torsion, and yield strength in shear. 為計算剪切模量、扭轉(zhuǎn)斷裂模量和剪切屈服強度而設(shè)計的試驗。 |
| Terminal temperature difference (Unit K) | 終端溫差（單位K） |
The temperature difference between the two fluid streams at either inlet or outlet of a heat exchanger. 熱交換器入口或出口處兩種流體流之間的溫差。 |
| U-bend | U形管 |
U-bend A 180° bend in a pipe. 180°彎曲的管道。 |
| Mole number (N) | 摩爾數(shù)（N） |
The number of moles in a given mass m of a substance, equal to m divided by the molar mass of the substance. 摩爾數(shù)物質(zhì)給定質(zhì)量m中的摩爾數(shù)，等于m除以物質(zhì)的摩爾質(zhì)量。 |
| Impact strength 1. (Unit Pa) | 沖擊強度1.（單位Pa） |
The stress to cause failure (by yielding or fracture) under conditions of high strain rate. 2. (Unit J) A term sometimes used to describe the energy required to fracture a specimen in a Charpy or Izod impact test even though the unit is not that of strength. 在高應(yīng)變率條件下導(dǎo)致失效（通過屈服或斷裂）的應(yīng)力。2.（單位J）有時用于描述在夏比或懸臂梁式?jīng)_擊試驗中使樣品斷裂所需的能量，即使單位不是強度單位。 |
| Compression failure | 壓縮失敗 |
The reduction or removal of a component’s load-bearing capacity in compression, caused by buckling, fracture, crease formation in fibre composites, etc. 由纖維復(fù)合材料中的屈曲、斷裂、折痕形成等引起的部件在壓縮中的承載能力的降低或消除。 |
| Offset | 偏移 |
The distance along the strain coordinate between the initial portion of a stress-strain curve and a line parallel to the initial portion that intersects the stress-strain curve at a value of stress (commonly 0.2%) that is used as a measure of the yield strength. Used for materials that have no obvious yield point. 應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線的初始部分與平行于初始部分的線之間沿應(yīng)變坐標的距離，該線以應(yīng)力值（通常為0.2%）與應(yīng)力-變形曲線相交，該應(yīng)力值用作屈服強度的度量。用于沒有明顯屈服點的材料。 |
| Torque (T) (Unit N.m) | 扭矩（T）（單位：N.m） |
The twisting moment, product of force and wrench length, applied to a nut or bolt (for example). The twisting moment of a force or couple about an axis which results in torsion. 施加在螺母或螺栓（例如）上的扭矩，是力和扳手長度的乘積。力或力偶繞軸產(chǎn)生扭轉(zhuǎn)的力矩。 |
| Standard hole | 標準孔 |
A hole in a workpiece bored to a specified tolerance where clearance with a shaft is accomplished by allowance on the shaft. A standard shaft is machined to a specified tolerance where clearance with a hole is accomplished by allowance on the hole. 工件上的孔，鉆孔至規(guī)定公差，其中與軸的間隙通過軸上的余量來實現(xiàn)。標準軸加工至規(guī)定公差，其中與孔的間隙通過孔上的公差實現(xiàn)。 |
| Welding | 焊接 |
In tribology, the bonding between metallic surfaces in direct contact, at any temperature. A joining process in which the mating surfaces are at least softened, or more usually melted, unlike soldering and brazing. In solid-state (non-melting) welding, similar or dissimilar metals or thermoplastics may be joined by applying pressure to hot interfaces. In forge welding, joining is achieved by compression across the join between pre-heated workpieces. In friction welding (spin welding) one of the contacting surfaces is rotated rapidly before being loaded against the other. On contact, heat generated by friction softens the materials and permits severe plastic deformation that seals the joint. In friction stir welding, a wear-resistant tool is rotated rapidly, indents the surfaces and is traversed to form a join line. Resistance welding involves simultaneous pressure and electrically-generated heat, as in spot welding where a heavy electric current is passed for a short time through metal sheets which are pressed together between electrodes. 在摩擦學(xué)中，在任何溫度下直接接觸的金屬表面之間的結(jié)合。與釬焊和釬焊不同，接合面至少軟化或更通常熔化的接合工藝。在固態(tài)（非熔化）焊接中，相似或不同的金屬或熱塑性塑料可通過向熱界面施加壓力來連接。在鍛造焊接中，通過壓縮預(yù)熱工件之間的連接來實現(xiàn)連接。在摩擦焊接（旋轉(zhuǎn)焊接）中，一個接觸表面在被加載到另一個表面之前快速旋轉(zhuǎn)。接觸時，摩擦產(chǎn)生的熱量使材料軟化，并允許密封接頭的嚴重塑性變形。在攪拌摩擦焊中，耐磨工具快速旋轉(zhuǎn)，使表面凹陷，并橫穿形成連接線。電阻焊涉及同時產(chǎn)生的壓力和電產(chǎn)生的熱量，如點焊，在點焊中，大電流短時間通過電極之間壓在一起的金屬板。 |
| Temper | 回火 |
(1) In heat treatment, reheating hardened steel or hardened cast iron to some temperature below the eutectoid temperature for the purpose of decreasing hardness and increasing toughness. The process also is sometimes applied to normalized steel. (2) In tool steels, temper is sometimes used, but inadvisedly, to denote the carbon content. (3) In nonferrous alloys and in some ferrous alloys (steels that cannot be hardened by heat treatment), the hardness and strength produced by mechanical or thermal treatment, or both, and characterized by a certain structure, mechanical properties, or reduction in area during cold working. （1）在熱處理中，將硬化鋼或硬化鑄鐵重新加熱到共析溫度以下的溫度，以降低硬度和增加韌性。該工藝有時也適用于正火鋼。（2）在工具鋼中，有時使用回火來表示碳含量，但這是不恰當?shù)摹＃?）在非鐵合金和一些鐵合金（不能通過熱處理硬化的鋼）中，通過機械或熱處理或兩者產(chǎn)生的硬度和強度，其特征是在冷加工過程中具有一定的結(jié)構(gòu)、機械性能或面積減小。 |
| Offset modulus | 補償模量 |
The ratio of the offset yield stress to the extension at the offset point (plastics). 偏移屈服應(yīng)力與偏移點（塑料）處延伸的比率。 |
| Caustic cracking | 苛性開裂 |
A form of stress-corrosion cracking most frequently encountered in carbon steels or iron-chromiumnickel alloys that are exposed to concentrated hydroxide solutions at temperatures of 200 to 250 °C (400 to 480 °F). Also known as caustic embrittlement. 在200至250°C（400至480°F）的溫度下暴露于濃氫氧化物溶液中的碳鋼或鐵鉻鎳合金中最常遇到的一種應(yīng)力腐蝕開裂形式。也稱為堿脆。 |
| Ideal critical diameter | 理想臨界直徑 |
(DI). Under an ideal quench condition, the bar diameter that has 50% martensite at the center of the bar when the surface is cooled at an infinitely rapid rate (that is, when H = ∞, where H is the quench severity factor). （DI）在理想淬火條件下，當表面以無限快的速度冷卻時（即H=∞, 其中H是淬火嚴重度因子）。 |
| Centigrade heat unit | 攝氏熱量單位 |
(Celsius heat unit, CHU) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit equal to the energy required to increase the temperature of one pound of pure, air-free water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C at a pressure of one standard atmosphere. （攝氏熱量單位，CHU）一個已被淘汰的（即非國際單位制）單位，等于在一個標準大氣壓的壓力下將一磅純凈的無空氣水的溫度從14.5°C提高到15.5°C所需的能量. |
| Striation | 條紋組織 |
A fatigue fracture feature, often observed in electron micrographs, that indicates the position of the crack front after each succeeding cycle of stress. The distance between striations indicates the advance of the crack front across that crystal during one stress cycle, and a line normal to the striation indicates the direction of local crack propagation. 一種疲勞斷裂特征，通常在電子顯微照片中觀察到，表明每次應(yīng)力循環(huán)后裂紋前沿的位置。條紋之間的距離表示在一個應(yīng)力循環(huán)期間裂紋前沿穿過該晶體的前進，垂直于條紋的線表示局部裂紋擴展的方向。 |
| Machine screw | 機械螺絲 |
A countersunk, slotted screw with machined threads such as are found on bolts. A relatively small screw, usually less than 20 mm in diameter, with the thread running along the whole length up to the head, intended to be screwed into threaded holes. If inserted through plain holes in assembled parts and held together by a nut, an undesirable contact surface of threads bearing against the surface of a hole results. 帶有機加工螺紋的沉頭開槽螺釘，如螺栓上的螺紋。一種相對較小的螺釘，直徑通常小于20毫米，螺紋沿整個長度一直延伸到頭部，用于擰入螺紋孔中。如果通過裝配零件上的平孔插入并用螺母固定在一起，則會導(dǎo)致螺紋與孔表面接觸不良。 |
| Compressor blades | 壓縮機葉片 |
The aerofoil-shaped vanes that form the rotor(s) and stator(s) of an axial-flow compressor. The aerodynamic design is more critical than is the case for turbine blades because there is an increase in pressure across each row of blades. The arrows in the diagram indicate the flow direction relative to the blades. 形成軸流式壓縮機的轉(zhuǎn)子和定子的翼型葉片。空氣動力學(xué)設(shè)計比渦輪葉片的情況更為關(guān)鍵，因為每排葉片的壓力都會增加。圖中的箭頭表示相對于葉片的流動方向。 |
| Cohesive zone | 凝聚力區(qū) |
In fracture-mechanics modelling and simulation, the region at the crack tip over which an assumed traction (load-displacement) relation has to be overcome to permit initiation and propagation of a crack. 在斷裂力學(xué)建模和模擬中，必須克服假定的牽引（載荷-位移）關(guān)系以允許裂紋萌生和擴展的裂紋尖端區(qū)域。 |
| Cone pulley | 錐輪 |
A stepped pulley having several diameters which, when linked by a laterallymoveable transmission belt to a corresponding pulley, gives a series of speed ratios. 具有多種直徑的階梯式皮帶輪，當通過可橫向移動的傳動帶連接到相應(yīng)的皮帶輪時，會產(chǎn)生一系列速比。 |
| Electrolyte | 電解質(zhì) |
The liquid with which the Electrodes of a battery or Corrosion cell are wetted. 潤濕電池或腐蝕電池電極的液體。 |
| Residual strength (Unit N) | 剩余強度（單位：N） |
The strength of a damaged body containing defects induced by microcracking, thermal shock, etc. 包含由微裂紋、熱沖擊等引起的缺陷的受損體的強度。 |
| Temperature (Unit K or °C) | 溫度（單位K或°C） |
A quantitative measure of the molecular kinetic energy of a substance and so how hot or cold it is. 物質(zhì)分子動能的定量量度，以及它的冷熱程度。 |
| Cavity radiator | 空腔輻射器 |
A heated chamber having a small hole through which radiation, approximating blackbody radiation, passes out. 具有小孔的加熱室，近似于黑體輻射的輻射通過該小孔傳遞出去。 |
| Jack | 杰克裝置 |
A lifting device that exerts large forces over small displacements, achieved by mechanical gearing or hydraulics. 通過機械傳動或液壓裝置在小位移上施加大力的提升裝置。 |
| Normal temperature and pressure (NTP) | 常溫常壓（NTP） |
Reference conditions defined by NIST as 20°C and 1 atm. NIST定義的參考條件為20°C和1atm。 |
| Deformation (Unit 1/s) | 變形（單位1/s） |
A change in the form of a body due to stress, thermal change, change in moisture, or other causes. In solid mechanics, any change, reversible (elastic) or permanent (plastic), in the shape or size of parts of a body, or the whole body, caused by external or internal loading. It includes extension, compression, bending, and twisting. The same state of deformation in a body can appear as different combinations of elongation and shear. To state how much of the total strain is shear, it is split into dilatation and deviatoric components, the former changing volume but not shape, the latter shape but not volume. 由于壓力、熱變化、水分變化或其他原因?qū)е碌纳眢w形態(tài)變化。在固體力學(xué)中，由外部或內(nèi)部載荷引起的身體各部分或整個身體的形狀或大小的任何可逆（彈性）或永久（塑性）變化。它包括拉伸、壓縮、彎曲和扭曲。物體中相同的變形狀態(tài)可以表現(xiàn)為伸長和剪切的不同組合。為了說明總應(yīng)變中有多少是剪切，將其分為膨脹分量和偏差分量，前者改變體積但不改變形狀，后者改變形狀但不改變體積。 |
| Mechanical vibration | 機械振動 |
The motion of a particle or body which oscillates about a position of equilibrium. 圍繞平衡位置擺動的粒子或物體的運動。 |
| Feather key | 滑鍵 |
A parallel key fastened in either the shaft or in the hub of a member sliding on it. When fastened in the shaft, it must be long enough to hold or drive the sliding member in any of its positions on the shaft. When in the sliding member the key need only be as long as the hub. 一種平行鍵，固定在軸上或在其上滑動的構(gòu)件的輪轂上。當固定在軸上時，其長度必須足以將滑動構(gòu)件固定或驅(qū)動在軸上的任何位置。當處于滑動構(gòu)件中時，鍵只需與輪轂一樣長。 |
| Slenderness ratio | 長細比 |
The effective unsupported length of a uniform column divided by the least radius of gyration of the cross-sectional area. 均勻柱的有效無支撐長度除以橫截面積的最小回轉(zhuǎn)半徑。 |
| Sample average | 樣本平均值 |
The sum of all the observed values in a sample divided by the sample size. It is a point estimate of the population mean. Also known as arithmetic mean. 樣本中所有觀察值的總和除以樣本大小。它是總體平均值的點估計。也稱為算術(shù)平均值。 |
| Critical temperature | 臨界溫度 |
(1) Synonymous with critical point if the pressure is constant. (2) The temperature above which the vapor phase cannot be condensed to liquid by an increase in pressure. （1） 如果壓力恒定，則與臨界點同義。（2） 高于該溫度時，氣相不能通過壓力升高而冷凝為液體。 |
| Engineering strain (e) | 工程應(yīng)變（e） |
A term sometimes used for average linear strain or conventional strain in order to differentiate it from true strain. In tension testing it is calculated by dividing the change in the gage length by the original gage length. 一個術(shù)語，有時用于平均線性應(yīng)變或常規(guī)應(yīng)變，以便將其與真實應(yīng)變區(qū)分開來。在張力測試中，通過將標距變化除以原始標距來計算。 |
| Bypass flow meter | 旁通流量計 |
(shunt flow meter) A flow meter installed in a pipework bypass which may itself be part of the flow meter. An orifice plate is used to ensure a fraction of the main flow passes through the bypass. （分流流量計）安裝在管道旁路中的流量計，它本身可能是流量計的一部分。孔板用于確保一部分主流通過旁路。 |
| Design code | 設(shè)計規(guī)范 |
(design standard) A standard or specification for any aspect of engineering design, issued by national organizations such as ANSI, ASME, BSI, DIN, and ISO. （設(shè)計標準）工程設(shè)計任何方面的標準或規(guī)范，由ANSI、ASME、BSI、DIN和ISO等國家組織發(fā)布。 |
| Stress wave | 應(yīng)力波 |
An unbalanced force, such as an impact, applied at one location in a body sets the material there into vibration that is transmitted to adjacent elements and ultimately to all parts of the body in the form of stress waves or wave packets. 施加在物體某個位置的不平衡力（如沖擊力）會使物體中的材料產(chǎn)生振動，并以應(yīng)力波或波包的形式傳遞到相鄰元件，最終傳遞到物體的所有部位。 |
| Torque arm | 扭力臂 |
A bar fixed at one end used to resist torque applied at the other, for example by an electric drill. 固定在一端的桿，用于抵抗施加在另一端的扭矩，如電鉆。 |
| Salt bath heat treatment | 鹽浴熱處理 |
Heat treatment carried out in a bath of molten salt. 在熔融鹽浴中進行的熱處理。 |
| Tap | 旋塞 |
1. A threaded hard metal plug for cutting screw threads in holes. It has longitudinal grooves for the clearance of chips while cutting. Progressive cutting is achieved by using three taps in succession: taper, second, and plug. First and second taps have tapers to help start the thread along the axis of the hole; the plug tap has no taper and is used on the final cut in a blind hole. 2. A valve in, or at the end of, a pipeline. 1.一種用于在孔中切割螺紋的螺紋硬金屬塞。它具有縱向凹槽，用于在切割時清除切屑。漸進式切割通過連續(xù)使用三個絲錐實現(xiàn)：錐度、二次和塞。第一和第二絲錐具有錐度，以幫助沿孔的軸線開始螺紋；塞式絲錐沒有錐度，用于盲孔的最終切割。2.管道中或管道末端的閥門。 |
| Stress factor | 應(yīng)力因子 |
A calibration constant used in ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. It is the ratio between the change in ultrasonic transit time caused by the change in length of the fastener, under load, to the total change in transit time. 用于螺栓應(yīng)力或應(yīng)變超聲波測量的校準常數(shù)。它是由緊固件長度變化引起的超聲波傳輸時間變化與總傳輸時間變化之間的比率。 |
| Mode of failure | 故障模式 |
The various ways in which a material can fail when subjected to loading, surface damage, chemical attack, heating, cooling, or radiation, in either isolation or combination. The failure modes include fracture, fatigue, creep, corrosion, erosion, and embrittlement. 材料在受到載荷、表面損傷、化學(xué)侵蝕、加熱、冷卻或輻射時，可能發(fā)生失效的各種方式，無論是單獨還是組合。失效模式包括斷裂、疲勞、蠕變、腐蝕、侵蝕和脆化。 |
| Two-stage compressor | 兩級壓縮機 |
A machine in which gas is compressed from low pressure toan intermediate pressure in a low-pressure cylinder, and then to final pressure in a highpressure cylinder. Efficiency is improved if the two cylinders are separated by an intercooler. 一種機器，其中氣體在低壓氣缸中從低壓壓縮到中壓，然后在高壓氣缸中壓縮到最終壓力。如果兩個氣缸由中冷器分離，則效率提高。 |
| Set screw | 緊定螺釘（平頭螺釘、緊定螺栓） |
Usually a hardened steel screw having either no head or a square head and with various degrees of points or ends to lock or tighten adjustable machine parts in position on a shaft. A short, headless screw with a recess at one end to receive a screwdriver or key, the other end being pointed, square, or otherwise shaped. Typically used to secure a pulley, gear, or other component on a shaft. 通常是一種硬化鋼螺釘，無頭或方頭，具有不同程度的點或端部，用于將可調(diào)機械部件鎖定或擰緊在軸上的適當位置。一端有凹槽，用來裝螺絲刀或鑰匙，另一端是尖的、方形的或其他形狀的。通常用于將皮帶輪、齒輪或其他部件固定在軸上。 |
| Resistance thermometer | 電阻溫度計 |
A thermometer in which the sensing element is basically a metal wire, usually of platinum, for which the variation of resistance with temperature is known accurately. A resistance pyrometer is a resistance thermometer intended for use up to about 1 000°C. 一種溫度計，其中傳感元件基本上是一根金屬線，通常是鉑，可以準確地知道電阻隨溫度的變化。電阻高溫計是一種電阻溫度計，用于高達約1000°C的溫度。 |
| Differential heating | 差動加熱 |
Heating that intentionally produces a temperature gradient within an object such that, after cooling, a desired stress distribution or variation in properties is present within the object. 加熱有意在物體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生溫度梯度，從而在冷卻后，在物體內(nèi)出現(xiàn)所需的應(yīng)力分布或特性變化。 |
| Heat (q, Q) (Unit J) | 熱量（q, Q）（單位J） |
A form of energy that is transferred across the boundary of a system at one temperature to another system (or the surroundings) at a different temperature by virtue of the temperature difference between them. Heat can be identified only as it crosses the boundary. A body can never be said to contain heat which is thus a transient phenomenon. 一種能量形式，由于它們之間的溫差在一個溫度下通過系統(tǒng)邊界傳遞到另一個溫度不同的系統(tǒng)（或環(huán)境）。只有當熱量穿過邊界時才能識別。一個物體不能說永遠含有熱量，這是一種瞬態(tài)現(xiàn)象。 |
| Austempered steels | 等溫鋼 |
Medium to high carbon steels with improved mechanical properties as a result of austempering. After heating to between 800° and 900°C to form the austenite phase, they are quenched to, and held at, just above the martensite transformation range (between 260° and 370°C) to form bainite, before cooling further. Austempering of ductile cast irons results in a microstructure of bainite and spheroidal graphite. Austempered ductile irons have excellent toughness and wear properties. 由于等溫淬火，機械性能得到改善的中高碳鋼。在加熱到800°和900°C之間形成奧氏體相后，將它們淬火并保持在略高于馬氏體轉(zhuǎn)變范圍（260°和370°C之間）以形成貝氏體，然后進一步冷卻。球墨鑄鐵的等溫淬火導(dǎo)致貝氏體和球狀石墨的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)。等溫淬火球墨鑄鐵具有優(yōu)異的韌性和耐磨性。 |
| Contact strength (Unit N) | 接觸強度（單位N） |
The maximum allowable load between contacting bodies converted into a stress. 換算成應(yīng)力的接觸體之間的最大允許載荷。 |
| Octane number | 辛烷值 |
(octane rating) A measure of the anti-knock properties of a fuel taken as the percentage by volume of iso-octane in the fuel. （辛烷值）以燃料中異辛烷的體積百分比表示的燃料抗爆性能的量度。 |
| Auxiliary power unit (APU) | 輔助動力裝置（APU） |
In aircraft–gas–turbine applications, a small gas turbine used to provide start-up power, electrical and hydraulic power, and compressed air for cabin ventilation. In other applications, an APU may be a gas turbine or internal-combustion engine used to provide emergency power. 在飛機-燃氣輪機應(yīng)用中，小型燃氣輪機用于提供啟動動力、電力和液壓動力以及用于機艙通風(fēng)的壓縮空氣。在其他應(yīng)用中，APU可以是用于提供應(yīng)急動力的燃氣輪機或內(nèi)燃機。 |
| Absolute manometer | 絕對壓力計 |
A manometer that measures absolute pressure, i.e. pressure measured relative to a perfect vacuum. Absolute pressure cannot be negative. 測量絕對壓力的壓力計，即相對于完美真空測量的壓力。絕對壓力不能為負。 |
| Thread milling | 螺紋銑削 |
Thread milling is a method of cutting screw threads with a milling cutter in a thread mill. Thread milling cutters are either single form or multiple form and are used in either conventional or planetary thread mills. 螺紋銑削是在螺紋銑刀中用銑刀切削螺紋的一種方法。螺紋銑刀為單形或多形，用于傳統(tǒng)或行星式螺紋銑刀。 |
| Ion carburizing | 離子滲碳 |
A method of surface hardening in which carbon ions are diffused into a workpiece in a vacuum through the use of high-voltage electrical energy. Synonymous with plasma carburizing or glowdischarge carburizing. 一種表面硬化方法，利用高壓電能將碳離子在真空中擴散到工件中。與等離子滲碳或輝光放電滲碳同義。 |
| Air conditioning | 空調(diào) |
The process of controlling the temperature and humidity in rooms, buildings, aircraft, passenger vehicles, etc. More generally it includes control of dust, levels of radiant heat, etc. 控制房間、建筑物、飛機、客運車輛等的溫度和濕度的過程。更一般地說，它包括控制灰塵、輻射熱水平等。 |
| Turboblower | 渦輪鼓風(fēng)機 |
A centrifugal or axial compressor or fan. 離心式或軸流式壓縮機或風(fēng)扇。 |
| Hexagon nut | 六角螺母 |
A nut having six sides and shaped like a hexagon. 六邊形的螺母。 |
| Flame annealing | 火焰退火 |
Annealing in which the heat is applied directly by a flame. 通過火焰直接加熱的退火。 |
| Stress-relaxation curve | 應(yīng)力松弛曲線 |
A plot of the remaining, or relaxed, stress in a stress-relaxation test as a function of time. The relaxed stress equals the initial stress minus the remaining stress. Also known as a stress-time curve. 應(yīng)力松弛試驗中剩余應(yīng)力或松弛應(yīng)力隨時間變化的曲線圖。松弛應(yīng)力等于初始應(yīng)力減去剩余應(yīng)力。也稱為應(yīng)力-時間曲線。 |
| Oxidizing flame | 氧化焰 |
A gas flame produced with excess oxygen in the inner flame. 在內(nèi)部火焰中過量氧氣產(chǎn)生的氣體火焰。 |
| Shock load | 沖擊載荷 |
The sudden application of an external force that results in a very rapid build-up of stress. 突然施加外力，導(dǎo)致應(yīng)力迅速增加。 |
| Deposit gauge | 沉積量計 |
(deposition gauge) An instrument employed in air pollution studies for measuring the amount of pollutant deposited on a given area in a given time under given conditions. （沉降計）在空氣污染研究中使用的儀器，用于測量在給定條件下在給定時間內(nèi)沉積在給定區(qū)域上的污染物量。 |
| Pressure snubber | 壓力緩沖器 |
(pressure-pulse snubber) A device used for filtering, dampening, and the protection of transducers, pressure gauges, and switches, from pressure surges, pressure spikes, and water hammer. A typical design uses a fixed mesh or porous metal disc installed in an inline body. In a piston-type pressure-gauge snubber, a piston is forced against an orifice leading to the gauge. （壓力脈沖緩沖器）一種用于過濾、阻尼和保護傳感器、壓力表和開關(guān)免受壓力浪涌、壓力尖峰和水錘影響的裝置。典型的設(shè)計使用安裝在內(nèi)聯(lián)閥體中的固定網(wǎng)格或多孔金屬盤。在活塞式壓力表緩沖器中，活塞被壓靠在通向壓力表的孔口上。 |
| Slip | 滑落 |
Plastic deformation by the irreversible shear displacement (translation)of one part of a crystal relative to another in a definite crystallographic direction and usually on a specific crystallographic plane. Sometimes called glide. 晶體的一部分在一定的晶體學(xué)方向上相對于另一部分的不可逆剪切位移（平移）引起的塑性變形，通常在特定的晶體主義平面上。有時被稱為滑翔。 |
| Recrystallization annealing | 再結(jié)晶退火 |
Annealing cold-worked metal to produce a new grain structure without phase change. 退火冷加工金屬以產(chǎn)生新的晶粒結(jié)構(gòu)而不發(fā)生相變。 |
| Hydraulic air compressor | 液壓空氣壓縮機 |
1. A compressor powered by a hydraulic motor. 2. A device in which air is compressed as a result of being entrained in water flowing in a downcomer pipe. The compressed air is released in a chamber at the bottom of the pipe. 1. 由液壓馬達驅(qū)動的壓縮機。2.一種裝置，其中空氣由于夾帶在降液管中流動的水中而被壓縮。壓縮空氣在管道底部的腔室中釋放。 |
| Joint space | 關(guān)節(jié)空間 |
The description of the position and orientation of a robot in terms of the rotational angles and translational positions of the joints. Kinematic analysis, normally using homogeneous transforms, allows conversion between this description and the end‐effector position and orientation in x,y,z space. 根據(jù)關(guān)節(jié)的旋轉(zhuǎn)角度和平移位置描述機器人的位置和方向。通常使用齊次變換的運動學(xué)分析允許在該描述與x、y、z空間中的末端執(zhí)行器位置和方向之間進行轉(zhuǎn)換。 |
| Torricellean barometer | 托里塞萊氣壓計 |
A vertical glass tube with its upper end sealed and the lower end submerged in a pool of mercury. The space above the mercury is under vacuum. The height to which the mercury rises up the tube is a measure of the barometric pressure. 一種垂直的玻璃管，上端密封，下端浸入汞池中。水銀上方的空間處于真空狀態(tài)。水銀在管道中上升的高度是大氣壓力的量度。 |
| Allowable stress design | 許用應(yīng)力設(shè)計 |
A design procedure developed for the AISC by the Research Council on Structural Connections. Purposely underestimates the strengths of bolts and joint materials to introduce safety factors into the design of structural steel joints. It is an alternative to the more recently defined load and resistance factor design procedure. 結(jié)構(gòu)連接研究委員會為AISC制定的設(shè)計程序。故意低估螺栓和接頭材料的強度，以便在結(jié)構(gòu)鋼接頭的設(shè)計中引入安全系數(shù)。它是最近定義的荷載和阻力系數(shù)設(shè)計程序的替代方法。 |
| Stress corrosion | 應(yīng)力腐蝕 |
(stress-corrosion cracking) Corrosion failure accelerated by local stresses (particularly tensile) which enhance cracking in both monotonic and fatigue loading. （應(yīng)力腐蝕開裂）局部應(yīng)力（特別是拉伸應(yīng)力）加速的腐蝕失效，該局部應(yīng)力在單調(diào)載荷和疲勞載荷下都會增強開裂。 |
| Gamma iron | 加馬鐵 |
The face-centered cubic form of pure iron, stable from 910 to 1400 °C (1670 to 2550 °F). 純鐵的面心立方形式，在910至1400°C（1670 2550°F）溫度范圍內(nèi)穩(wěn)定。 |
| Fatigue failure | 疲勞失效 |
Failure that occurs when a specimen undergoing fatigue completely fractures into two parts or has softened or been otherwise significantly reduced in stiffness by thermal heating or cracking. 當經(jīng)歷疲勞的試樣完全斷裂成兩部分或因熱加熱或開裂而軟化或剛度顯著降低時發(fā)生的失效。 |
| Burning | 燃燒化 |
(1) Permanently damaging a metal or alloy by heating to cause either incipient melting or intergranular oxidation. See overheating, grain-boundary liquation. (2) In grinding, getting the work hot enough to cause discoloration or to change the microstructure by tempering or hardening. （1）通過加熱導(dǎo)致初期熔化或晶間氧化而永久損壞金屬或合金。參見過熱、晶界液化。（2）在磨削過程中，使工件熱到足以引起變色或通過回火或硬化改變微觀結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Compressibility (Unit 1/Pa) | 可壓縮性（單位1/Pa） |
A measure of the reduction in volume or increase in density when a substance is subjected to an increase of pressure. It is defined as the reciprocal of the bulk modulus. Liquids and solids are normally considered incompressible, whereas gases are highly compressible. 當物質(zhì)受到壓力增加時體積減少或密度增加的量度。它被定義為體積模量的倒數(shù)。液體和固體通常被認為是不可壓縮的，而氣體是高度可壓縮的。 |
| Turbomachine | 渦輪機械 |
(rotodynamic machine) A machine in which there is a transfer of energy between a continuous stream of fluid and a component, called a rotor, rotating about a fixed axis. Fans and turbines (gas, hydraulic, steam, or wind) are turbomachines in which energy is transferred to the rotor, causing it to rotate. Pumps and compressors are turbomachines in which energy is transferred from the externally driven rotor to the fluid. （旋轉(zhuǎn)動力機器）在連續(xù)的流體流和繞固定軸旋轉(zhuǎn)的部件（稱為轉(zhuǎn)子）之間進行能量傳遞的機器。風(fēng)扇和渦輪機（燃氣、液壓、蒸汽或風(fēng)力）是渦輪機械，其中能量傳遞到轉(zhuǎn)子，使其旋轉(zhuǎn)。泵和壓縮機是渦輪機械，其中能量從外部驅(qū)動的轉(zhuǎn)子傳遞到流體。 |
| Screw pump | 螺桿泵 |
A positive-displacement pump that uses one or more helical rotors rotating within a casing to transfer liquids or slurries. 一種容積式泵，使用一個或多個在外殼內(nèi)旋轉(zhuǎn)的螺旋轉(zhuǎn)子輸送液體或泥漿。 |
| Vibrometer | 測振儀 |
A device used to measure the motion of a vibrating surface, typically using a contactless laser-based technique. 一種用于測量振動表面運動的裝置，通常使用非接觸激光技術(shù)。 |
| Pitch angle (Unit °) | 俯仰角（單位°） |
For a bevel gear, the angle between the axis and the pitch-cone generator. 對于錐齒輪，軸與節(jié)錐生成器之間的角度。 |
| Yield-point elongation | 屈服點延伸 |
During discontinuous yielding, the amount of strain measured from the onset of yielding to the beginning of strain hardening. 在不連續(xù)屈服期間，從屈服開始到應(yīng)變硬化開始測量的應(yīng)變量。 |
| Die threading | 模具螺紋 |
Die threading is a machining process for cutting external threads in cylindrical or tapered surfaces by the use of solid or self-opening dies. Die threading is a slower method of producing external threads than thread rolling, but it is faster than single-point threading in a lathe. 模具螺紋加工是一種通過使用實心或自開模具在圓柱形或錐形表面上切削外螺紋的加工工藝。模具螺紋加工是一種比滾絲加工更慢的外螺紋加工方法，但它比車床中的單點螺紋加工要快。 |
| Metric ton (tonne, t) | 公制噸（噸，t） |
An SI-accepted, but non-SI, unit of mass defined as 1 t = 103?kg. SI系統(tǒng)可接受但非國際單位制的質(zhì)量單位，定義為1t=103kg。 |
| Water column | 水柱 |
Water in a tube, which may be vertical or inclined. If the tube is open to the atmosphere, the vertical height h from a datum level to the water surface is a measure of the water static pressure p at the datum level given by p ? B = ρgh where B is the barometric pressure, ρ denotes the water density, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. 管道中的水，可以是垂直的或傾斜的。如果管道向大氣開放，則從基準面到水面的垂直高度h是基準面處水靜壓p的量度，由p給出?B=ρgh，其中B是大氣壓力，ρ表示水密度，g是重力引起的加速度。 |
| Multiple threaded screw | 多螺紋螺釘 |
A screw with two or more threads cut around the periphery of the workpiece to provide an increased lead with a specified pitch. 一種螺釘，具有圍繞工件周邊切割的兩個或多個螺紋，以提供具有指定螺距的增加的導(dǎo)程。 |
| Available resource | 可用資源 |
(total resource) (Unit J) The total annual energy theoretically available from a renewable-energy source, such as ocean waves, the wind, or the total incident solar energy. （總資源）（單位J）理論上可從可再生能源（例如海浪、風(fēng)或總?cè)肷涮柲埽┇@得的年度總能量。 |
| Remaining stress | 殘留應(yīng)力 |
The stress remaining at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. See also stress relaxation. 在應(yīng)力松弛試驗期間在給定時間內(nèi)剩余的應(yīng)力。參見壓力松弛。 |
| Design load (Unit N) | 設(shè)計荷載（單位N） |
The greatest load that a component or structure is expected to experience under normal operating conditions. 部件或結(jié)構(gòu)在正常運行條件下預(yù)期承受的最大負載。 |
| Stress ratio (A or R) | 應(yīng)力比（A或R） |
The algebraic ratio of two specified stress values in a stress cycle. Two commonly used stress ratios are the ratio of the alternating stress amplitude to the mean stress, A = Sa/Sm, and the ratio of the minimum stress to the maximum stress, R = Smin/Smax. 應(yīng)力循環(huán)中兩個指定應(yīng)力值的代數(shù)比。兩種常用的應(yīng)力比是交變應(yīng)力振幅與平均應(yīng)力之比，A=Sa/Sm，以及最小應(yīng)力與最大應(yīng)力之比R=Smin/Smax。 |
| Columnar structure | 柱狀結(jié)構(gòu) |
A coarse structure of parallel elongated grains formed by unidirectional growth, most often observed in castings, but sometimes in structures resulting from diffusional growth accompanied by a solid-state transformation. 由單向生長形成的平行細長晶粒的粗略結(jié)構(gòu)，最常見于鑄件中，但有時也出現(xiàn)在伴隨固態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變的擴散生長產(chǎn)生的結(jié)構(gòu)中。 |
| Overaging | 過時效 |
Aging under conditions of time and temperature greater than those required to obtain maximum change in a certain property, so that the property is altered in the direction of the initial value. 在時間和溫度條件下的時效大于獲得某一特性最大變化所需的時間和溫度，從而使該特性沿初始值的方向發(fā)生變化。 |
| Notch brittleness | 缺口脆性 |
Susceptibility of a material to brittle fractureat points of stress concentration. For example, in a notch tensile test, the material is said to be notch brittle if the notch strengthis less than the tensile strength of an unnotched specimen. Otherwise, it is said to be notch ductile. 材料在應(yīng)力集中點易發(fā)生脆性斷裂。例如，在缺口拉伸試驗中，如果缺口強度小于無缺口試樣的抗拉強度，則稱材料為缺口脆性材料。否則，稱其為缺口韌性。 |
| Age softening | 時效軟化 |
Spontaneous decrease of strength and hardness that takes place at room temperature in certain strain hardened alloys, especially those of aluminum. 某些應(yīng)變硬化合金，尤其是鋁合金，在室溫下會發(fā)生強度和硬度的自發(fā)降低。 |
| Compression fitting | 壓縮接頭 |
A screwed joint for pipework made resistant to leakage by permanent deformation of a closely-fitting ring, called a ferrule or olive, on tightening. 一種用于管道的螺紋接頭，通過緊密配合的環(huán)（稱為套圈或橄欖形）在擰緊時的永久變形來防止泄漏。 |
| Critical cooling rate | 臨界冷卻速度 |
The rate of continuous cooling required to prevent undesirable transformation. For steel, it is the minimum rate at which austenite must be continuously cooled to suppress transformations above the Ms temperature. 防止不期望的轉(zhuǎn)變所需的連續(xù)冷卻速率。對于鋼，它是奧氏體必須持續(xù)冷卻以抑制Ms溫度以上的轉(zhuǎn)變的最小速率。 |
| Apparent area of contact | 表觀接觸面積 |
In tribology, the area of contact between two solid surfaces defined by the boundaries of their macroscopic interface. 在摩擦學(xué)中，兩個固體表面之間的接觸區(qū)域由其宏觀界面的邊界定義。 |
| Anisotropy | 各向異性 |
The characteristic of exhibiting different values of a property in different directions with respect to a fixed reference system in the material. 相對于材料中的固定參考系統(tǒng)，在不同方向上表現(xiàn)出不同屬性值的特性。 |
| Scleroscope hardness number (HSc or HSd) | 硬化鏡硬度值（HSc或HSd） |
A number related to the height of rebound of a diamond-tipped hammer dropped on the material being tested. It is measured on a scale determined by dividing into 100 units the average rebound of the hammer from a quenched(to maximum hardness) and untempered AISI W5 tool steel test block. 與落在被測材料上的菱形錘的回彈高度相關(guān)的數(shù)字。通過將錘子從淬火（達到最大硬度）和未淬火的AISI W5工具鋼試塊上的平均回彈分為100個單位來測量。 |
| Friction materials | 摩擦材料 |
Materials having a high coefficient of friction which, when coupled with a long life, may be employed as brake linings or the facing of the plates of a clutch. 具有高摩擦系數(shù)的材料，當與長壽命相結(jié)合時，可用作制動襯片或離合器片的飾面。 |
| Transducer | 傳感器 |
A device which converts one form of energy into another. An ultrasonic transducer, for example, converts electrical energy into acoustic energy (at ultrasonic frequencies) and vice versa. 將一種形式的能量轉(zhuǎn)換為另一種形式能量的裝置。例如，超聲換能器將電能轉(zhuǎn)換為聲能（在超聲頻率下），反之亦然。 |
| Austenite stabilization | 奧氏體穩(wěn)定化 |
Decrease, in comparison to a continuous cooling, in the amount of martensite occurring from austenite when cooling is interrupted at a temperature between Ms?and Mf. This can be explained by the relaxation of stresses induced in the austenite by martensite crystals occurring before the interruption. The relaxation, in turn, leads to the dislocation rearrangement and their interaction with martensite/austenite interfaces, which makes the interfaces immobile. 與連續(xù)冷卻相比，當在Ms和Mf之間的溫度中斷冷卻時，從奧氏體中產(chǎn)生的馬氏體的量減少。這可以通過中斷前發(fā)生的馬氏體晶體在奧氏體中引起的應(yīng)力松弛來解釋。反過來，松弛導(dǎo)致位錯重排及其與馬氏體/奧氏體界面的相互作用，這使得界面無法移動。 |
| Rotary valve (rotating valve) | 旋轉(zhuǎn)閥 |
A cylindrical or conical plug in which there is a transverse hole through which fluid can flow when the hole is aligned with the adjacent piping. 一種圓柱形或錐形塞，其中有一個橫向孔，當該孔與相鄰管道對齊時，流體可通過該孔流動。 |
| Coated abrasive | 涂附磨具 |
An abrasive tool consisting of a flexible backing material, such as a woven cloth, paper or vulcanized fibre, a bond material, such as a glue or synthetic resin, and grit. 一種研磨工具，由柔性背襯材料（例如編織布、紙或硫化纖維）、粘合材料（例如膠水或合成樹脂）和砂礫組成。 |
| Computer vision | 計算機視覺 |
The digitization and processing of optical images/patterns by computer in order to recognize parts, orientation, etc. in manufacturing. 通過計算機對光學(xué)圖像/圖案進行數(shù)字化和處理，以在制造過程中識別零件、方向等。 |
| Wind pressure (Unit Pa) | 風(fēng)壓（單位Pa） |
The dynamic pressure associated with the wind. The static pressure of the wind is the atmospheric pressure. 與風(fēng)相關(guān)的動態(tài)壓力。風(fēng)的靜壓是大氣壓。 |
| Nonlinear behavior | 非線性行為 |
A fastener or joint system is said to exhibit nonlinear behavior when the relationship between the External load on the joint and deformation of the parts is nonlinear, or when the relationship between increasing Preload and deformation is nonlinear. 當接頭上的外部載荷與零件變形之間的關(guān)系是非線性的，或者當增加的預(yù)載荷與變形之間的聯(lián)系是非線性的時，可以說緊固件或接頭系統(tǒng)表現(xiàn)出非線性行為。 |
| Plug | 螺塞 |
1. An object, usually tapered, used to block a hole to prevent fluid from escaping or flowing. 2. The central moveable part of a valve. 3. In the flow of a yield-stress fluid through a pipe or duct, the central region is often assumed to take the form of a plug with uniform axial velocity. 4. In thermoforming, a shaping tool that forces a heated plastic sheet into a female mould. 1.一種物體，通常為錐形，用于堵塞孔以防止流體逸出或流動。2.閥門的中心可移動部分。3.在屈服應(yīng)力流體通過管道或管道的流動中，中心區(qū)域通常假定為具有均勻軸向速度的塞子形式。4.在熱成型技術(shù)中，一種成型工具，將加熱的塑料板壓入陰模中。 |
| Equilibrium diagram | 平衡圖 |
A graphical representation of the temperature, pressure and composition limits of phase fields in an alloy system as they exist under conditions of complete equilibrium. In metal systems, pressure is usually considered constant. 在完全平衡條件下，合金系統(tǒng)中相場的溫度、壓力和成分極限的圖形表示。在金屬系統(tǒng)中，壓力通常被認為是恒定的。 |
| Screw feeder | 螺旋給料機 |
A mechanism for handling bulk materials in which a rotating helicoidal screw moves the material axially forward. Similar to a screw conveyor, but required to discharge material at a controlled rate very accurately. It operates with the screw completely full. 一種用于處理散裝物料的機構(gòu)，其中旋轉(zhuǎn)的螺旋螺桿使物料軸向向前移動。類似于螺旋輸送機，但需要以受控速率非常精確地排出物料。它在螺桿完全充滿的情況下運行。 |
| Scale height (Unit m) | 刻度高度（單位：m） |
The altitude H at which the atmospheric pressure has decreased to a certain fraction of its value at sea level B. It depends on the model adopted for the atmosphere: for an isothermal atmosphere, the pressure decreases exponentially with altitude. If H is taken as the altitude at which the pressure has fallen to B/e, then H = RT/g where R is the gas constant for air, T is the absolute temperature T, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. 大氣壓力降低到其在海平面B處數(shù)值的某一部分的高度H。它取決于大氣采用的模型：對于等溫大氣，壓力隨高度呈指數(shù)下降。如果取H作為壓力下降到B/e的高度，則H=RT/g，其中R是空氣的氣體常數(shù)，T是絕對溫度T，g是重力引起的加速度。 |
| Starting taper | 起始錐度 |
The taper on the end of a reamer or tap which aids in starting the cut. 鉸刀或絲錐端部的錐度，有助于開始切割。 |
| Radial load (Unit N) | 徑向負荷（單位：N） |
1. Centrifugal loading induced in a rotating body. 2. (through-wallthickness load) The radial component of loading arising from internal or external pressurization of a closed vessel. There will also be axial and hoop loading. 1.旋轉(zhuǎn)體中產(chǎn)生的離心載荷。2.（貫穿壁厚載荷）由封閉容器的內(nèi)部或外部加壓產(chǎn)生的載荷的徑向分量。還存在軸向和環(huán)向載荷。 |
| Imperial system of units | 英制單位 |
British imperial system of units) An obsolete system of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824. Its three base units were second (time), yard (length), and pound avoirdupois (mass). The imperial unit of capacity was the gallon. The many associated units introduced subsequently include cubic inch, cubic foot, cubic yard, pint, and quart for both liquid and dry measures of capacity (i.e. volume); ounce, hundredweight, short and long ton for avoirdupois mass; poundal for force; minute and hour for time; fahrenheit for temperature; and British thermal unit for energy. Closely related to the imperial system of units is the US customary system of units. Each imperial unit is now legally defined in terms of the metric (i.e. SI) equivalent. （英帝國單位制）1824年英國度量衡法首次定義的已被淘汰的單位制。其三個基本單位為秒（時間）、碼（長度）和磅（質(zhì)量）。容量的英制單位是加侖。隨后引入的許多相關(guān)單位包括立方英寸、立方英尺、立方碼、品脫和夸脫，用于液體和干燥容量測量（即體積）；盎司，百分之一百重量，短噸和長噸，以保證重量；磅達表示力；以分鐘和小時表示時間；華氏溫度；英國熱能單位。與帝國單位制密切相關(guān)的是美國習(xí)慣單位制。現(xiàn)在，每個英制單位在法律上都是以公制（即SI）當量來定義的。 |
| Plug gauge | 塞規(guī) |
A steel gauge used to determine the dimension or dimensions of a hole. It may be straight or tapered, and is typically circular, but in principle can have any cross section. 用于確定孔的尺寸的鋼制量規(guī)。它可以是直的或錐形的，通常是圓形的，原則上可以有任何橫截面。 |
| Work ratio | 工作比 |
The ratio of the net work out to the actual work out for a thermodynamic cycle. 熱力學(xué)循環(huán)的凈功與實際功之比。 |
| Right hand thread | 右旋螺紋 |
A screw thread which advances into the mating part when turned clockwise or to the right. 順時針或向右轉(zhuǎn)動時進入配合部件的螺紋。 |
| Inclusions | 夾雜物 |
Small pieces of nonmetallic impurities trapped within the base metal of. 存在于金屬基體中的小塊非金屬雜質(zhì)。 |
| Specific weight (γ) (Unit N/m3) | 比重（γ）（單位：N/m3） |
The weight per unit volume of a substance: if W is the weight of a volume of the substance, ρ is its density, and g is the acceleration due to gravity, γ = W/ = ρg. 物質(zhì)單位體積的重量：W是物質(zhì)體積的重量，ρ是其密度，g是重力引起的加速度，γ=W/=ρg。 |
| Mechanical units | 機械單位 |
The units of physical quantities, the dimensions of which includemass, length, and time. 物理量的單位，其量綱包括質(zhì)量、長度和時間。 |
| Induction tempering | 感應(yīng)回火 |
Tempering of steel using low-frequency electrical induction heating. 鋼的回火采用低頻電感應(yīng)加熱。 |
| Brittle lacquer coating | 脆性漆涂層 |
A lacquer that, when painted on to an unloaded body, reveals the direction of maximum tension stresses from the pattern of cracking produced in the lacquer when the body is loaded. 一種漆，當涂在未加載的車身上時，從車身加載時在漆中產(chǎn)生的裂紋圖案中顯示出最大拉應(yīng)力的方向。 |
| Standard | 標準 |
(standard specification) A set of specifications for components, machines, materials, or processes intended to achieve uniformity, efficiency, and a specified quality. In the UK, standards issued by the British Standards Institution (BSI) are now generally those of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). （標準規(guī)范）為實現(xiàn)一致性、效率和特定質(zhì)量而制定的一套組件、機器、材料或工藝規(guī)范。在英國，英國標準協(xié)會（BSI）發(fā)布的標準現(xiàn)在基本上是國際標準化組織（ISO）的標準。 |
| Shore hardness | 肖氏硬度 |
A measure of the hardness of materials such as elastomers, plastics, and rubbers determined using a Shore durometer which measures the penetration depth of a hardened steel rod (the indenter) 1.1–1.4 mm in diameter into the test material for a given force applied rapidly with a calibrated spring. There are two main indenter designs: type A (for softer materials) for which the end of the rod is a truncated 35° cone tapering to a diameter of 0.79 mm, and type D (harder materials) for which the end is a 30° cone with a 0.1 mm radius tip. The spring force is 8.05 N for type A and 44.45 N for type D. The hardness value is related to the penetration depth (limited to a maximum of 2.5 mm) such that for zero penetration the hardness is 100 and for maximum penetration the hardness is zero. The relevant standards are ISO 48-1, 48-4, and 48-7. Shore hardness values of selected materials are as follows: ABS 100, cellulose acetate 50–95, high-density polyethylene 60–70, low density polyethylene 40–50, polymethylmethacrylate 90–99, PTFE 50–65, and plasticized PVC 15–70. 使用肖氏硬度計測量彈性體、塑料和橡膠等材料的硬度，肖氏硬度儀測量直徑為1.1–1.4mm的硬化鋼棒（壓頭）在用校準彈簧快速施加的給定力下滲入試驗材料的深度。有兩種主要的壓頭設(shè)計：A型（適用于較軟的材料），其桿端為截頭35°錐形，逐漸變細至直徑0.79 mm；D型（較硬的材料），端部為30°錐形，尖端半徑為0.1mm。A型的彈簧力為8.05N，D型為44.45N。硬度值與滲透深度相關(guān)（最大限制為2.5mm），因此，對于零滲透，硬度為100，對于最大滲透，硬度是零。相關(guān)標準為ISO 48-1、48-4和48-7。所選材料的肖氏硬度值如下：ABS100、醋酸纖維素50-95、高密度聚乙烯60-70、低密度聚乙烯40-50、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯90-99、PTFE50-65和塑化PVC15-70。 |
| Actual cubic feet per minute | 實際立方英尺每分鐘 |
(acfm) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) measure of volumetric flow rate; the volume of a gas flowing per minute at actual operating pressure and temperature, as opposed to the corresponding volume flow rate at STP. （acfm）已被淘汰的（即非SI）體積流量測量；在實際工作壓力和溫度下每分鐘流動的氣體體積，與STP下的相應(yīng)體積流量相反。 |
| Thermoelectric material | 熱電材料 |
A material in which any of the thermoelectric phenomena, such as the Peltier, Seebeck, and Thomson effects, are especially strong. 一種熱電現(xiàn)象特別強烈的材料，如珀爾帖效應(yīng)、塞貝克效應(yīng)和湯姆森效應(yīng)。 |
| Vibrograph | 示振器 |
An instrument that records vibrations in a system over time. 記錄系統(tǒng)隨時間變化的振動的儀器。 |
| Supercharging | 增壓 |
The process of increasing the mass flow rate of air (or air/fuel mixture) into the cylinder(s) of a piston engine using a compressor driven from the crankshaft (the supercharger). The power output is increased compared with a naturally-aspirated engine of the same capacity. The process also increases the air pressure and density to greater than ambient. In the past, most superchargers were mechanically driven from the engine’s crankshaft, but these have been largely superseded by turbochargers. 使用由曲軸（增壓器）驅(qū)動的壓縮機增加進入活塞式發(fā)動機氣缸的空氣（或空氣/燃料混合物）質(zhì)量流率的過程。與相同容量的自然吸氣發(fā)動機相比，功率輸出增加。該過程還將空氣壓力和密度增加到大于環(huán)境壓力和密度。在過去，大多數(shù)增壓器都是由發(fā)動機曲軸機械驅(qū)動的，但這些增壓器在很大程度上已被渦輪增壓器所取代。 |
| Friction loss (Unit J) | 摩擦損失（單位J） |
The conversion of mechanical energy to heat due to friction within a machine, mechanism, linkage, etc. 由于機器、機構(gòu)、連桿等內(nèi)部的摩擦而將機械能轉(zhuǎn)化為熱能。 |
| Total heat (Unit kJ) | 總熱量（單位kJ） |
An alternative term for enthalpy. It is inappropriate as it suggests that it includes kinetic energy in the same way as total enthalpy, but it does not. Also, heat and enthalpy are quite different quantities, as their definitions show. 焓的另一個術(shù)語。這是不恰當?shù)模驗樗砻鳎▌幽艿姆绞脚c總焓相同，但它實際上并不是的。此外，熱和焓是完全不同的量，正如它們的定義所示。 |
| B-basis | B-基礎(chǔ) |
Mechanical property value above which at least 90% of the population of values is expected to fall, with a confidence of 95%. 機械性能值超過該值時，至少90%的值預(yù)計會下降，置信度為95%。 |
| Zero-gravity | 零重力 |
The situation in which there is no force of gravity (i.e. weightlessness). 沒有重力的情況（即失重）。 |
| Rotational joint (revolute joint) | 旋轉(zhuǎn)關(guān)節(jié) |
In robotics, a single degree-of-freedom joint where the controlled variable is the joint angle. 在機器人技術(shù)中，一種單自由度關(guān)節(jié)，其中受控變量為關(guān)節(jié)角度。 |
| Transfer machines | 轉(zhuǎn)印機 |
These specialized machine tools are used to perform various machining operations on parts or parts in fixtures as the parts are moved along on an automatic conveyor which is part of the machine tool set-up. In a set-up, the parts can move in a straight line from their entry point to their exit point, or the setup may be constructed in a U-shape so that the parts are expelled near where they start. 當零件在自動輸送機上移動時，這些專用機床用于對零件或夾具中的零件執(zhí)行各種加工操作，自動輸送機是機床設(shè)置的一部分。在設(shè)置中，零件可以從其入口點直線移動到其出口點，或者設(shè)置可以構(gòu)造為U形，以便零件在其起點附近排出。 |
| Hypereutectoid alloy | 過共析合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectoid, any alloy whose composition has an excess of alloying element compared with the eutectoid composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectoid structure. 在呈現(xiàn)共晶的合金系統(tǒng)中，合金成分比共晶成分多的任何合金，其平衡微觀結(jié)構(gòu)包含一些共晶結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Thermal fatigue | 熱疲勞 |
Fatigue resulting from the presence of temperature gradients that vary with time in such a manner as to produce cyclic stresses in a structure. 由于溫度梯度的存在而產(chǎn)生的疲勞，溫度梯度隨時間變化，從而在結(jié)構(gòu)中產(chǎn)生循環(huán)應(yīng)力。 |
| Barrier protection | 屏障保護 |
The coating on a fastener is said to provide barrier protection if it merely isolates the fastener from the environment. Paint, for example, provides barrier protection. 如果僅將緊固件與環(huán)境隔離，則據(jù)說緊固件上的涂層可提供屏障保護。例如，油漆提供屏障保護。 |
| Elastic resilience | 彈性回彈 |
The amount of energy absorbed in stressing a material up to the elastic limit; or, the amount of energy that can be recovered when stress is released from the elastic limit. 向材料施加應(yīng)力直至彈性極限所吸收的能量；或者當應(yīng)力從彈性極限釋放時可以恢復(fù)的能量值。 |
| Acid rain | 酸雨 |
Any form of precipitation, including rain, snow, sleet, fog, dew, and particulates, which contains higher than normal levels of sulfuric and nitric acids. These acids result from natural and man-made emissions of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, respectively. Acid soot consists of unburned carbon particles, typically larger than 10 μm, in the atmosphere contaminated with sulfuric acid. The particles result from poor combustion of fossil fuels. 任何形式的降水，包括雨、雪、雨夾雪、霧、露水和顆粒物，其中含有高于正常水平的硫酸和硝酸。這些酸分別來自二氧化硫和氮氧化物的自然排放和人為排放。酸煙灰由未燃燒的碳顆粒組成，通常大于10微米，在被硫酸污染的大氣中。這些顆粒是化石燃料燃燒不良造成的。 |
| Pressure ratio | 壓力比 |
One pressure divided by another which may be a reference pressure. In many flow and thermodynamic processes, the pressure ratio is more important than the absolute pressure levels. For example, in compressible gas flow the Mach number is determined by the ratio of the stagnation pressure to the static pressure. 一個壓力除以另一個壓力，該壓力可以是參考壓力。在許多流動和熱力學(xué)過程中，壓力比比絕對壓力水平更重要。例如，在可壓縮氣流中，馬赫數(shù)由停滯壓力與靜壓之比決定。 |
| Outside diameter (Unit m) | 外徑（單位：m） |
(external diameter, OD) The diameter of a circular cylindrical tube or a sphere measured between opposite points on the external surface. （外徑，OD）在外表面上的相對點之間測量的圓柱管或球體的直徑。 |
| Newton (N) | 牛頓（N） |
The basic unit of force in the SI system, defined as the force that results in an acceleration of 1 m/s2?when acting on a 1 kg mass. SI國際單位制中力的基本單位，定義為作用于1kg質(zhì)量時產(chǎn)生1m/s2加速度的力。 |
| Quench aging | 淬火時效 |
Aging induced by rapid cooling after solution heat treatment. 固溶熱處理后快速冷卻引起的時效。 |
| Kinetic friction | 動摩擦 |
(dynamic friction, sliding friction) (Unit N) The sliding resistance to relative motion of two surfaces in contact with each other. （動摩擦，滑動摩擦）（單位N）兩個相互接觸的表面相對運動的滑動阻力。 |
| Densimeter | 密度計 |
An instrument used to determine the density or relative density of a solid or liquid. 用于測定固體或液體的密度或相對密度的儀器。 |
| Carbonization | 碳化 |
Conversion of an organic substance into elemental carbon. 將有機物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化為元素碳。 |
| Load factor (F) | 負載系數(shù)（F） |
The ratio between an increase in bolt tension and the external load which has caused the increase. Factors reflecting the probability of an increase in load in a shear joint. Used in load and resistant factor design. 螺栓張力增加與導(dǎo)致增加的外部載荷之間的比率。反映剪切接縫中荷載增加概率的系數(shù)。用于載荷和阻力系數(shù)設(shè)計。 |
| Surface treatment | 表面處理 |
Any process, including chemical, electrochemical, mechanical, and thermal, designed to protect a surface against corrosion and wear or to alter its mechanical properties. 任何旨在保護表面免受腐蝕和磨損或改變其機械性能的工藝，包括化學(xué)、電化學(xué)、機械和熱處理。 |
| Ferritic stainless steels | 鐵素體不銹鋼 |
Ferritic stainless steels have the ferrite (BCC) crystal structure and contain 10–28% chromium and typically 0.1–0.35% carbon (all in wt%). They are magnetic and can be hardened by cold working. They have good to moderate mechanical properties, good oxidation and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures, and susceptibility to embrittlement at temperatures between 400 and 540°C. Used for turbine parts, hightemperature valves, automotive exhaust components, and nuclear reactor core components. 鐵素體不銹鋼具有鐵素體（BCC）晶體結(jié)構(gòu)，含有10-28%的鉻，通常含有0.1-0.35%的碳（均為重量%）。它們具有磁性，可通過冷加工硬化。它們具有良好至中等的機械性能，在高溫下具有良好的抗氧化性和耐腐蝕性，在400至540°C的溫度下易脆化。用于渦輪零件、高溫閥、汽車排氣部件和核反應(yīng)堆堆芯部件。 |
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