| 詞或詞組 | 中文 | 英文解釋中文解釋 |
|---|---|---|
| Non-ferrous metal | 有色金屬 |
Strictly, all metals and alloys that do not contain iron, but usually taken to mean aluminium- and copper-based alloys. 嚴格來說，所有不含鐵的金屬和合金，但通常指鋁基和銅基合金。 |
| Profilometer | 輪廓儀 |
An instrument used to quantify the roughness of a surface. For a contact profilometer, a diamond stylus sweeps across the surface along a series of parallel lines. Noncontact profilometers use optical techniques to map the surface irregularities. 用于量化表面粗糙度的儀器。對于接觸式輪廓儀，鉆石觸針沿一系列平行線掃過表面。非接觸式輪廓儀使用光學技術繪制表面不規(guī)則。 |
| Available resource | 可用資源 |
(total resource) (Unit J) The total annual energy theoretically available from a renewable-energy source, such as ocean waves, the wind, or the total incident solar energy. （總資源）（單位J）理論上可從可再生能源（例如海浪、風或總入射太陽能）獲得的年度總能量。 |
| Stress amplitude | 應力幅值 |
One-half the algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum stress in one cycle of a repetitively varying stress. 重復變化應力的一個循環(huán)中最大和最小應力之間代數差的一半。 |
| Tab washer (lock washer) | 止動墊圈（鎖緊墊圈） |
A washer with one or more protruding tabs which can be bent in such a way that a nut or bolt head is prevented from becoming loose. 一種墊圈，具有一個或多個突出凸耳，可彎曲以防止螺母或螺栓頭松動。 |
| Physical testing | 物理測試 |
Methods used to determine the entire range of physical properties of a material. In addition to density and thermal, electrical, and magnetic properties, physical testing methods can be used to assess simple fundamental physical properties such as color, crystalline form, and melting point. 用于確定材料整個物理特性范圍的方法。除了密度和熱、電、磁特性外，物理測試方法還可用于評估簡單的基本物理特性，如顏色、結晶形式和熔點。 |
| Nominal diameter | 公稱直徑 |
The ‘‘catalog diameter’’ of a fastener. Usually roughly equal to the diameter of the body, or the outer diameter of the threads. 緊固件的“目錄直徑”。通常大致等于主體的直徑或螺紋的外徑。 |
| Intense quenching | 強烈淬火 |
Quenching in which the quenching medium is cooling the part at a rate at least two and a half times faster than still water. 淬火，其中淬火介質以比靜水快至少兩倍半的速度冷卻零件。 |
| Martempering | 淬火 |
(1) A hardening procedure in which an austenitized ferrous workpiece is quenched into an appropriate medium whose temperature is maintained substantially at the Ms?of the workpiece, held in the medium until its temperature is uniform throughout–but not long enough to permit bainite to form–and then cooled in air. The treatment is frequently followed by tempering. (2) When the process is applied to carburized material, the controlling Ms?temperature is that of the case. This variation of the process is frequently called marquenching. （1）一種淬火工藝，將奧氏體化鐵質工件淬火到適當的介質中，該介質的溫度基本保持在工件的Ms，保持在該介質中直到其溫度在整個過程中均勻，但不足以形成貝氏體，然后在空氣中冷卻。處理后經常進行回火。（2） 當該工藝應用于滲碳材料時，控制Ms溫度與實際情況相同。這個過程的變化經常被稱為淬火。 |
| Lobe | 凸輪 |
The projecting part such as rotor lobe or the cam lobe. 轉子凸角或凸輪凸角等突出部分。 |
| Diesel engine | 柴油發(fā)動機 |
(compression–ignition engine) A piston engine operating on the Diesel cycle in which the air is compressed to a temperature above the autoignition temperature of the fuel and combustion is initiated as the fuel is injected into the hot air. Diesel engines operate at higher compression ratios (typically in the range 12 to 24) than petrol engines. Although named after Rudolf Diesel, the inventor, Diesel engine is often spelled with a lower case d, contrary to normal practice. （壓燃式發(fā)動機）在柴油循環(huán)中運行的活塞式發(fā)動機，在該循環(huán)中，空氣被壓縮至高于燃料自燃溫度的溫度，當燃料噴射到熱空氣中時，燃燒開始。柴油發(fā)動機在比汽油發(fā)動機更高的壓縮比下運行（通常在12到24的范圍內）。雖然以發(fā)明人魯道夫·迪塞爾命名，但迪塞爾發(fā)動機通常拼寫為小寫d，這與正常做法相反。 |
| Accommodation | 適應能力 |
The ability of a robot to respond to changes in the environment. 機器人對環(huán)境變化做出反應的能力。 |
| Physical properties | 物理性質 |
Properties of a material the determination of which does not involve the deformation or destruction of the specimen—for example, density, electrical conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, magnetic permeability, and lattice parameter. Does not include chemical reactivity or the properties more appropriately regarded as mechanical properties. 不涉及試樣變形或破壞的材料特性，例如密度、電導率、熱膨脹系數、磁導率和晶格參數。不包括化學反應性或更適當地視為機械的性質。 |
| Transfer moulding | 轉移模塑 |
(resin-transfer moulding, RTM) A method of compression moulding polymers in which the dies are closed before the operation starts. （樹脂傳遞模塑，RTM）一種對聚合物進行壓縮模塑的方法，其中模具在操作開始前關閉。 |
| Composite property | 復合屬性 |
In thermodynamics, a property defined in terms of the properties of a closed system and its surroundings, such as the non-flow exergy function. 在熱力學中，根據封閉系統(tǒng)及其周圍環(huán)境的性質定義的性質，例如非流動火用函數。 |
| Corrosion fatigue | 腐蝕疲勞 |
Cracking produced by the combined action of repeated or fluctuating stress and a corrosive environment at lower stress levels or fewer cycles than would be required in the absence of a corrosive environment. 由重復或波動的應力和腐蝕環(huán)境的聯(lián)合作用產生的開裂，其應力水平低于沒有腐蝕環(huán)境時所需的應力水平或循環(huán)次數更少。 |
| Physical crack size (ap) | 物理裂紋尺寸（ap） |
The distance from a reference plane to the observed crack front. This distance may represent an average of several measurements along the crack front. The reference plane depends on the specimen form, and it is normally taken to be either the boundary or a plane containing either the load line or the centerline of a specimen or plate. 從基準面到觀察到的裂紋前沿的距離。該距離可以表示沿裂紋前沿的若干測量的平均值?；鶞拭嫒Q于試樣形狀，通常視為邊界或包含試樣或板的載重線或中心線的平面。 |
| Fatigue test | 疲勞測試 |
A method for determining the range of alternating (fluctuating)stresses a material can withstand without failing. 一種確定材料可以承受而不會失效的交變（波動）應力范圍的方法。 |
| Dead space | 死區(qū) |
(dead volume) (Unit m3) That volume of a gas-filled thermometer in which the gas is not at the same temperature as that being measured. （死容）（單位m3）充氣溫度計的體積，其中氣體的溫度與被測溫度不同。 |
| Annealing | 退火 |
A generic term denoting a treatment, consisting of heating to and holding at a suitable temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate, used primarily to soften metallic materials, but also to simultaneously produce desired changes in other properties or in microstructure. 一個通用術語，表示一種處理，包括加熱并保持在合適的溫度，然后以合適的速率冷卻，主要用于軟化金屬材料，但也同時產生其他性能或微觀結構的所需變化。 |
| Fastener specification | 緊固件規(guī)格 |
A precise statement of set requirements to be satisfied by a fastener, its material, or its processing. It also indicates the procedure used to determine whether the requirements given are satisfied. 對緊固件、其材料或加工過程要滿足的設定要求的精確陳述。它還指出了用于確定是否滿足給定要求的程序。 |
| Bypass flow meter | 旁通流量計 |
(shunt flow meter) A flow meter installed in a pipework bypass which may itself be part of the flow meter. An orifice plate is used to ensure a fraction of the main flow passes through the bypass. （分流流量計）安裝在管道旁路中的流量計，它本身可能是流量計的一部分?？装逵糜诖_保一部分主流通過旁路。 |
| Corrosion | 腐蝕 |
The deterioration of an exposed metal surface due to electrochemical oxidation with its surroundings. In the oxidation reaction, metal atoms give up electrons which are transferred to form another chemical species by a reduction reaction, usually with hydrogen and/or oxygen. A common example is the formation of the iron oxide rust Fe(OH)3 on iron or steel in moist air or water. Rust breaks away easily, exposing fresh iron to the atmosphere, whereas the corrosion product of some metals forms an adherent layer that prevents further oxidation reaction at fresh metal, an effect known as passivation. Examples include aluminium oxide on aluminium, chromium oxide on chromium, chromium oxide on alloys containing chromium such as stainless steels, and the patina formed on copper and zinc. Corrosion protection takes many forms. Good design to avoid crevices and stress is important. In some situations, substances known as inhibitors may be added to the environment to decrease its corrosiveness. The electrochemical nature of corrosion results in some metals having a greater tendency for oxidation than others. Zinc has a stronger tendency than iron and this is made use of in galvanizing. This is one example of cathodic protection, in which one metal is connected electrically to a more reactive metal, called a sacrificial anode, that oxidizes by giving up electrons and so protects the first metal. Coatings may be used to resist corrosion. Paints, plating, and diffusion coatings are the most common and the electrochemical process of anodizing is used to deliberately form a passive layer of oxide on aluminium alloys. Material selection plays a major role. For example, stainless steels with their high chromium content are widely used in corrosive environments. 暴露的金屬表面由于與周圍環(huán)境的電化學氧化而劣化。在氧化反應中，金屬原子放棄電子，這些電子通過還原反應（通常與氫和/或氧）轉移形成另一種化學物質。一個常見的例子是在潮濕的空氣或水中在鐵或鋼上形成氧化鐵銹Fe(OH)3。鐵銹很容易脫落，將新鮮鐵暴露在大氣中，而一些金屬的腐蝕產物形成一層粘附層，防止新鮮金屬發(fā)生進一步的氧化反應，這種效果稱為鈍化。實例包括鋁上的氧化鋁、鉻上的氧化鉻、含鉻合金上的氧化鉻如不銹鋼，以及銅和鋅上形成的銅綠。腐蝕防護有多種形式。避免裂縫和應力的良好設計非常重要。在某些情況下，可以向環(huán)境中添加稱為抑制劑的物質，以降低其腐蝕性。腐蝕的電化學性質導致一些金屬比其他金屬具有更大的氧化傾向。鋅比鐵具有更強的傾向性，這可用于鍍鋅。這是陰極保護的一個例子，其中一種金屬與活性更強的金屬（稱為犧牲陽極）電連接，犧牲陽極通過釋放電子進行氧化，從而保護第一種金屬。涂層可用于抗腐蝕。油漆、電鍍和擴散涂層是最常見的，陽極氧化的電化學過程用于有意在鋁合金上形成一層鈍化氧化物。材料選擇起著重要作用。例如，鉻含量高的不銹鋼廣泛用于腐蝕性環(huán)境。 |
| Least count | 最小計數 |
The smallest value that can be read from an instrument having a graduated scale. Except on instruments provided with a vernier, the least count is that fraction of the smallest division which can be conveniently and reliably estimated; this fraction is ordinarily one-fifth or one-tenth, except where the graduations are very closely spaced. 可從具有刻度尺的儀器中讀取的最小值。除配備游標的儀器外，最小計數是可以方便可靠地估計的最小除法的分數；這個分數通常是五分之一或十分之一，除非刻度間隔非常近。 |
| Size dimension (Unit m) | 尺寸范圍（單位：米） |
The specified value of a diameter, length, width, etc. of a feature required to specify the finished form of a component or assembly. 指定部件或組件的成品形狀所需的特征的直徑、長度、寬度等的指定值。 |
| Alloy | 合金 |
1. A metallic material composed of two or more elements, one of which is usually a metal to which the other elements are added, e.g. iron-carbon or aluminium-copper (binary alloy); nickel-chromium-iron (ternary alloy). 2. A plastic produced as a blend of two or more immiscible polymers. This results in material that cannot be achieved by polymerization. 1.由兩種或多種元素組成的金屬材料，其中一種通常是添加了其他元素的金屬，例如鐵碳或鋁銅（二元合金）；鎳鉻鐵（三元合金）。2.由兩種或多種不混溶聚合物混合而成的塑料。這導致無法通過聚合獲得的材料。 |
| Dew point analyzer | 露點分析儀 |
An atmosphere monitoring device that measures the partial pressure of water vapor in an atmosphere. 一種大氣監(jiān)測裝置，用于測量大氣中水蒸氣的分壓。 |
| Newton’s law of gravitation | 牛頓萬有引力定律 |
(Newton’s law of universal gravitation) Any two bodies exert a gravitational force of attraction F on each other directed along the line joining their centres of mass, in magnitude proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance r between them. （牛頓萬有引力定律）任何兩個物體沿其質心連接線相互施加引力F，其大小與其質量乘積成正比，與它們之間距離r的平方成反比。 |
| Austenitic stainless steels | 奧氏體不銹鋼 |
Austenitic stainless steels are non-magnetic. They contain significant additions of chromium (16–30%), but have the austenite (FCC) crystal structure, stabilized by the addition of nickel in the composition range 6–20%. Carbon content ranges from about 0.03 to 0.15%. The ‘18–8’ stainless steels containing approximately 18% chromium and 8% nickel are typical of the class. Austenitic stainless steels have high strength and corrosion resistance even at elevated temperatures, good ductility, good low-temperature properties, and good weldability. Used for aircraft and transport equipment, cutlery, chemical and food-processing equipment, surgical instruments, and cryogenic vessels. 奧氏體不銹鋼是非磁性的。它們含有顯著添加的鉻（16–30%），但具有奧氏體（FCC）晶體結構，通過在6–20%的成分范圍內添加鎳來穩(wěn)定。碳含量范圍約為0.03至0.15%。含有大約18%鉻和8%鎳的“18-8”不銹鋼是該級別的典型不銹鋼。奧氏體不銹鋼即使在高溫下也具有高強度和耐腐蝕性，良好的延展性，良好的低溫性能和良好的焊接性。用于飛機和運輸設備、餐具、化學和食品加工設備、手術器械和低溫容器。 |
| Pressure rating (Unit Pa or bar) | 額定壓力（單位Pa或bar） |
The internal pressure at which a pressure vessel, boiler, tank, piping, etc. is designed to operate safely. 壓力容器、鍋爐、儲罐、管道等設計用于安全運行的內部壓力。 |
| Stress cycles endured (N) | 承受的應力循環(huán)（N） |
The number of cycles of a specified character (that produce fluctuating stress and strain) that a specimen has endured at any time in its stress history. 試樣在其應力歷史中任何時間所經受的特定特征（產生波動應力和應變）的循環(huán)次數。 |
| Vacuum relief valve | 真空安全閥 |
A valve that admits gas to a system under vacuum, should the degree of vacuum become excessive. 如果真空度過高，允許氣體在真空下進入系統(tǒng)的閥門。 |
| Vibrometer | 測振儀 |
A device used to measure the motion of a vibrating surface, typically using a contactless laser-based technique. 一種用于測量振動表面運動的裝置，通常使用非接觸激光技術。 |
| Elastic resilience | 彈性回彈 |
The amount of energy absorbed in stressing a material up to the elastic limit; or, the amount of energy that can be recovered when stress is released from the elastic limit. 向材料施加應力直至彈性極限所吸收的能量；或者當應力從彈性極限釋放時可以恢復的能量值。 |
| Crystalline fracture | 結晶斷裂 |
A pattern of brightly reflecting crystal facets on the fracture surface of a polycrystalline metal, resulting from cleavage fracture of many individual crystals. 多晶金屬斷裂面上明亮反射的晶面圖案，由許多單個晶體的解理斷裂產生。 |
| Temporal decomposition | 時間分解 |
The splitting of a control problem into parts with relatively short and long time constant so that different controllers may be used for the different parts. 將控制問題分解為具有相對較短和較長時間常數的部分，以便不同的部分可以使用不同的控制器。 |
| Ideal gas laws | 理想氣體定律 |
The law relating pressure, temperature and volume of an ideal (perfect) gas pV = mRT, where R is the gas constant. The law implies that at constant temperature T, the product of pressure p and volume V is constant (Boyle’s law), and at constant pressure, the volume is proportional to the temperature (Charles’ law). 與理想（完美）氣體的壓力、溫度和體積相關的定律pV=mRT，其中R是氣體常數。該定律意味著在恒定溫度T下，壓力p和體積V的乘積是恒定的（波義耳定律），而在恒定壓力下，體積與溫度成正比（查爾斯定律）。 |
| Macrodeviation | 宏觀偏差 |
Errors from–irregular surface departures from the design profile, often caused by lack of accuracy or stiffness of the machine system. 不規(guī)則表面偏離設計輪廓的誤差，通常是由于機器系統(tǒng)缺乏準確性或剛度造成的。 |
| Catastrophic failure | 災難性故障 |
A sudden and total failure of a large engineering structure such as an aeroengine, aircraft, space vehicle, bridge, or dam. 大型工程結構（如航空發(fā)動機、飛機、航天器、橋梁或水壩）突然完全失效。 |
| Water hammer | 水錘 |
The reflected pressure surge that occurs in a liquid flowing through a pipe, usually as a consequence of sudden closure of a valve. The surge may cause the pipe to vibrate and a hammering noise to be heard. Key factors affecting the surge amplitude are the compressibility of the liquid (especially if it contains undissolved gas) and the elasticity of the pipe wall. 在流經管道的液體中發(fā)生的反射壓力波動，通常是閥門突然關閉的結果。浪涌可能導致管道振動，并聽到錘擊噪音。影響喘振幅度的關鍵因素是液體的可壓縮性（特別是當其含有未溶解氣體時）和管壁的彈性。 |
| Critical point | 臨界點 |
(1) The temperature or pressure at which a change in crystal structure, phase or physical properties occurs. Same as transformation temperature. (2) In an equilibrium diagram, that specific value of composition, temperature and pressure, or combinations thereof, at which the phases of a heterogeneous system are in equilibrium. （1） 晶體結構、相或物理性質發(fā)生變化的溫度或壓力。與轉變溫度相同。（2） 在平衡圖中，指組成、溫度和壓力或其組合的特定值，在該值下，多相體系的相處于平衡狀態(tài)。 |
| Torsion spring | 扭簧 |
1. A spring in the form of a torsion bar. 2. A helical spring to which torque can be applied at the ends. 1.一種扭桿形式的彈簧。2.一種螺旋彈簧，其端部可施加扭矩。 |
| Grain-boundary liquation | 晶界液化 |
An advanced stage of overheating in which material in the region of austenitic grain boundaries melts. 奧氏體晶界區(qū)域的材料熔化的過熱階段。 |
| Clip gauge | 夾規(guī) |
A displacement gauge consisting of two thin strain-gauged cantilever arms attached through knife edges to a testpiece to give the load–line displacement in fracture mechanics test pieces, or used as an extensometer in tensile tests. 一種位移計，由兩個通過刀刃連接到試件上的薄應變測量懸臂組成，以提供斷裂力學試件中的載荷線位移，或用作拉伸試驗中的引伸計。 |
| Standard hole | 標準孔 |
A hole in a workpiece bored to a specified tolerance where clearance with a shaft is accomplished by allowance on the shaft. A standard shaft is machined to a specified tolerance where clearance with a hole is accomplished by allowance on the hole. 工件上的孔，鉆孔至規(guī)定公差，其中與軸的間隙通過軸上的余量來實現。標準軸加工至規(guī)定公差，其中與孔的間隙通過孔上的公差實現。 |
| Blueing | 發(fā)藍 |
Application of blue dye (‘engineers’ blue’) to identify high spots on surfaces in contact, or for marking out. 應用藍色染料（“工程師藍”）來識別接觸表面上的高點，或用于標記。 |
| Modulus of elasticity (E) | 彈性模量（E） |
The measure of rigidity or stiffness of a metal; the ratio of stress, below the proportional limit, to the corresponding strain. In terms of the stress-strain diagram, the modulus of elasticity is the slope of the stress-strain curve in the range of linear proportionality of stress to strain. 金屬的剛度或剛度的量度；低于比例極限的應力與相應應變之比。根據應力應變圖，彈性模量是應力應變曲線在應力應變線性比例范圍內的斜率。 |
| Metre (m) | 米（m） |
The base unit of length in the SI system. It is equal to the distance travelled by light in vacuum in 1/299 792 458 seconds. SI系統(tǒng)中長度的基本單位。它等于光在真空中在1/299792458秒內傳播的距離。 |
| Flat head | 平頭 |
Flat top surface and a conical bearing surface. 平頂表面和錐形軸承表面。 |
| Superheating | 過熱 |
Heating above the temperature at which an equilibrium phase transformation should occur without actually obtaining the transformation. 在不實際獲得相變的情況下，加熱到應發(fā)生平衡相變的溫度以上。 |
| Thread milling | 螺紋銑削 |
Thread milling is a method of cutting screw threads with a milling cutter in a thread mill. Thread milling cutters are either single form or multiple form and are used in either conventional or planetary thread mills. 螺紋銑削是在螺紋銑刀中用銑刀切削螺紋的一種方法。螺紋銑刀為單形或多形，用于傳統(tǒng)或行星式螺紋銑刀。 |
| Noble metals | 貴金屬 |
Metallic elements from periods (rows) 5 and 6 of the periodic table, namely ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold. They resist corrosion and oxidation and are used for electrical contacts, thin-film circuits, and electroplating. Gold, silver, and platinum used for jewellery are also known as precious metals. They have face-centred cubic crystal structure and good ductility. 周期表第5和第6周期（行）中的金屬元素，即釕、銠、鈀、銀、鋨、銥、鉑和金。它們抗腐蝕和氧化，用于電觸點、薄膜電路和電鍍。用于珠寶的金、銀和鉑也被稱為貴金屬。它們具有面心立方晶體結構和良好的延展性。 |
| Stretch forming | 拉伸成型 |
A manufacturing process in which sheet-metal components are physically stretched over a forming die using a press, punch, or edge clamps. Stretching combined with bending reduces springback. 一種制造工藝，其中使用壓力機、沖頭或邊緣夾具在成形模上物理拉伸金屬板部件。拉伸與彎曲相結合可減少回彈。 |
| Embedment | 嵌入 |
Localized plastic deformation in heavily loaded fasteners allows one part to sink into, or smooth the surface of, a softer or more heavily loaded second part. Nuts embed themselves in joint surfaces. Bolt threads embed themselves in nut threads, etc. 重載緊固件中的局部塑性變形允許一個零件陷入較軟或更重載的第二零件中，或使其表面光滑。螺母嵌入接合面中。例如螺栓螺紋嵌入螺母螺紋等。 |
| International Bureau of Weights and Measures | 國際度量衡局IBWM |
(BIPM, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) The intergovernmental organization which has the mandate to provide the basis for a single, coherent system of measurements, traceable to the International System of Units. （BIPM，國際計量局）政府間組織，其任務是為可追溯到國際單位制的單一、一致的計量系統(tǒng)提供基礎。 |
| Impact testing | 沖擊測試 |
Determination of the mechanical properties of materials under high-rate conditions. Often determined from the behaviour of a testpiece when struck by a pendulum or a weight falling from a known height, or when sandwiched between two Hopkinson bars. 在高速條件下測定材料的機械性能。通常根據測試件在被鐘擺撞擊或從已知高度墜落的重物或夾在兩個霍普金森棒之間時的行為來確定。 |
| Power | 力能 |
The rate of doing work or of producing or consuming energy. The unit of power is the watt, W, where 1 W = 1 N m/s. 做功或產生或消耗能量的速度。功率單位為瓦特，W，其中1W=1N m/s。 |
| Alloying element | 合金元素 |
Component added deliberately with the aim of improving the properties of an alloy. Alloying elements can affect the existence range of equilibrium phases present in an unalloyed material, or lead to the occurrence of new phases, or both. In addition, alloying elements strongly affect the kinetics of phase transformations and thus the microstructure formation in alloyed materials. 為改善合金性能而有意添加的成分。合金元素可以影響非合金材料中存在的平衡相的存在范圍，或導致新相的出現，或兩者兼而有之。此外，合金元素強烈影響相變動力學，從而影響合金材料的微觀結構形成。 |
| Minimum load (Pmin) | 最小負載（Pmin） |
In fatigue, the least algebraic value of applied load in a cycle. 在疲勞中，循環(huán)中施加載荷的最小代數值。 |
| Laser hardening | 激光硬化 |
A surface-hardening process which uses a laser to quickly heat a surface. Heat conduction into the interior of the part will quickly cool the surface, leaving a shallow martensitic layer. Hardening of steel by a moving CO2?or Nd:YAG laser beam focussed down to a few mm in diameter. A point in the surface of an object is rapidly heated into the austenite range and then rapidly cooled to form tempered martensite. 一種使用激光快速加熱表面的表面硬化工藝。進入零件內部的熱傳導將快速冷卻表面，留下淺馬氏體層。通過移動CO2或Nd:YAG激光束使鋼硬化，激光束聚焦至直徑幾毫米。物體表面的一點迅速加熱到奧氏體范圍，然后迅速冷卻，形成回火馬氏體。 |
| Brake fluid | 制動液 |
The hydraulic fluid used to transmit force to the pistons in disc brakes or the wheel cylinders in drum brakes. Requirements include a high boiling point and low hygroscopy. 用于將力傳遞到盤式制動器中的活塞或鼓式制動器中的輪缸的液壓油。要求包括高沸點和低吸濕性。 |
| Hydrogen damage | 氫損傷 |
A general term for the embrittlement, cracking, blistering, and hydride formation that can occur when hydrogen is present in some metals. 當氫存在于某些金屬中時可能發(fā)生的脆化、開裂、起泡和氫化物形成的總稱。 |
| Quench hardening | 淬火硬化 |
(1) Hardening suitable alpha-beta alloys (most often certain copper to titanium alloys) by solution treating and quenching to develop a martensitic-like structure. (2) In ferrous alloys, hardening by austenitizing and then cooling at a rate such that a substantial amount of austenite transforms to martensite. （1）通過固溶處理和淬火硬化合適的α-β合金（通常是某些銅-鈦合金），以形成類似馬氏體的結構。（2）在鐵合金中，通過奧氏體化硬化，然后以一定速度冷卻，使大量奧氏體轉變?yōu)轳R氏體。 |
| Amontons friction | 阿蒙頓摩擦 |
(Coulomb friction) Friction between surfaces where the ratio of the frictional force F to the normal force N is constant and independent of the area in contact. （庫侖摩擦）摩擦力F與法向力N之比恒定且與接觸面積無關的表面之間的摩擦。 |
| Fitted bolt | 裝配螺栓 |
A bolt with a plain unthreaded portion immediately beneath the head. 一種螺栓，其頭部正下方有一個普通的無螺紋部分。 |
| Zero-gravity | 零重力 |
The situation in which there is no force of gravity (i.e. weightlessness). 沒有重力的情況（即失重）。 |
| Anti-freeze | 防凍液 |
A substance such as ethylene glycol added to the cooling system of a watercooled engine to lower the freezing point of the cooling water and also inhibit the formation of rust and other deposits. 一種物質，如乙二醇，添加到水冷發(fā)動機的冷卻系統(tǒng)中，以降低冷卻水的冰點，并抑制生銹和其他沉積物的形成。 |
| Fracture toughness | 斷裂韌性 |
A generic term for measures of resistance to extension of a crack. The term is sometimes restricted to results of fracture mechanics tests, which are directly applicable in fracture control. However, the term commonly includes results from simple tests of notched or precracked specimens not based on fracture mechanics analysis. Results from tests of the latter type are often useful for fracture control, based on either service experience or empirical correlations with fracture mechanics tests. 裂紋擴展阻力測量的通用術語。該術語有時僅限于斷裂力學試驗的結果，這些結果直接適用于斷裂控制。該術語通常包括非基于斷裂力學分析的切口或預裂紋試樣的簡單試驗結果?；谑褂媒涷灮蚺c斷裂力學試驗的經驗相關性，后一類試驗的結果通常有助于斷裂控制。 |
| Oxidizing agent | 氧化劑 |
A compound that causes oxidation, thereby itself becoming reduced. 一種引起氧化從而自身被還原的化合物。 |
| Cavitation-resistance inducer | 抗氣蝕誘導劑 |
An axial-flow pump used upstream of a main pump in order to prevent cavitation in the latter by increasing the inlet head. 在主泵上游使用的軸流泵，通過增加進口壓頭防止主泵出現氣穴。 |
| Final annealing | 最終退火 |
An imprecise term used to denote the last anneal given to a nonferrous alloy prior to shipment. 一個不精確的術語，用于表示有色金屬合金在裝運前的最后一次退火。 |
| Pressure ratio | 壓力比 |
One pressure divided by another which may be a reference pressure. In many flow and thermodynamic processes, the pressure ratio is more important than the absolute pressure levels. For example, in compressible gas flow the Mach number is determined by the ratio of the stagnation pressure to the static pressure. 一個壓力除以另一個壓力，該壓力可以是參考壓力。在許多流動和熱力學過程中，壓力比比絕對壓力水平更重要。例如，在可壓縮氣流中，馬赫數由停滯壓力與靜壓之比決定。 |
| Cavitation tunnel | 空泡試驗筒 |
A closed-circuit recirculating water tunnel in which the static pressure can be reduced to sufficiently low levels for cavitation studies to be performed. 一種閉路循環(huán)水隧洞，其中靜壓可降至足夠低的水平，以便進行氣蝕研究。 |
| Strength (Unit Pa) | 強度（單位Pa） |
The maximum stress, in tension, compression, shear, or combinations thereof, that may be monotonically applied to a material, component, or structure before failure (defined as fracture, yielding, buckling, etc. as appropriate). 在破壞前（視情況定義為斷裂、屈服、屈曲等），材料、部件或結構在拉伸、壓縮、剪切或其組合中可能單調施加的最大應力。 |
| Avogadro constant | 阿伏伽德羅常數 |
(Avogadro number, NA) A fundamental physical constant with the fixed numerical value 6.022 140 76 × 1023 mol?1. The mole contains exactly this number of elementary entities. A minor adjustment to the value of the Avogadro constant was made effective on 20 May 2019. （阿伏伽德羅數，NA）一個固定數值為6.02214076×1023mol的基本物理常數?摩爾正好包含這個數量的基本實體。對阿伏伽德羅常數值的微小調整于2019年5月20日生效。 |
| Specific weight (γ) (Unit N/m3) | 比重（γ）（單位：N/m3） |
The weight per unit volume of a substance: if W is the weight of a volume of the substance, ρ is its density, and g is the acceleration due to gravity, γ = W/ = ρg. 物質單位體積的重量：W是物質體積的重量，ρ是其密度，g是重力引起的加速度，γ=W/=ρg。 |
| Thermal compressor | 熱壓縮機 |
1. (thermocompressor) A jet compressor used to boost the pressure of low-pressure waste or exhaust steam. 2. A device consisting of an absorber, a generator, a pump, and a throttling device, used instead of a mechanical vapour compressor in an absorption-cooling refrigeration system. 1.（熱壓縮機）用于提升低壓廢蒸汽或排氣壓力的噴射壓縮機。2.一種由吸收器、發(fā)電機、泵和節(jié)流裝置組成的裝置，用于替代吸收冷卻制冷系統(tǒng)中的機械蒸汽壓縮機。 |
| Shear stress (Unit Pa) | 剪應力（單位Pa） |
(1) A stress that exists when parallel planes in metal crystals slide across each other. (2) The stress component tangential to the plane on which the forces act. Also known as tangential stress. (shearing stress, tangential stress, τ) 1. The stress which acts parallel to any plane within a solid material. It can arise due to a bending moment, a shear force, or torque applied to the body. 2. The stress corresponding to velocity gradients within a flowing viscous fluid. （剪應力，切向應力，τ）（1）當金屬晶體中的平行平面彼此滑動時存在的應力。（2）與力作用平面相切的應力分量。也稱為切向應力。1.平行于固體材料內任何平面的應力。它可能是由于施加在身體上的彎矩、剪力或扭矩引起的。2.對應于流動粘性流體內的速度梯度的應力。 |
| Age softening | 時效軟化 |
Spontaneous decrease of strength and hardness that takes place at room temperature in certain strain hardened alloys, especially those of aluminum. 某些應變硬化合金，尤其是鋁合金，在室溫下會發(fā)生強度和硬度的自發(fā)降低。 |
| Induction heating | 感應加熱 |
Heating by combined electrical resistance and hysteresis losses induced by subjecting a metal to the varying magnetic field surrounding a coil carrying alternating current. 通過將金屬置于承載交流電的線圈周圍的變化磁場中而引起的電阻和磁滯損耗的組合加熱。 |
| Mechanical energy (Unit J) | 機械能（單位J） |
The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy for an object or a mechanical system, including the energy stored in springs, etc. 物體或機械系統(tǒng)的動能和勢能之和，包括儲存在彈簧等中的能量。 |
| Bucket | 吊桶 |
1. A cup-shaped vane with a central dividing ridge attached to the periphery of the runner of an impulse water turbine such as a Pelton turbine. 2. A rotor blade in a compressor or turbine. 1.一種杯形葉片，所述杯形葉片具有附接到沖擊式水輪機（例如沖擊式水輪機臺）的轉輪的外圍的中央分隔脊。2.壓縮機或渦輪機中的轉子葉片。 |
| constitutive equation | 本構方程 |
(constitutive relation) 1. In solid mechanics or fluid mechanics, an algebraic or numerical relation for the dependency of stress on deformation, strain, strain rate, temperature, etc. in a material. In solid mechanics such a relation is sometimes called an equation of state. Simple linear examples include Hooke’s law and Newton’s viscosity law. 2. In heat transfer, a relation, such as Fourier’s law of heat conduction, connecting heat flux with temperature gradient. （本構關系）1.在固體力學或流體力學中，應力與材料的變形、應變、應變率、溫度等之間的代數或數值關系。在固體力學中，這種關系有時稱為狀態(tài)方程。簡單的線性例子包括胡克定律和牛頓粘度定律。2.在傳熱學中，將熱流與溫度梯度聯(lián)系起來的一種關系，如傅立葉熱傳導定律。 |
| Normalizing | 正火 |
Heating a ferrous alloy to a suitable temperature above the transformation range and then cooling in air to a temperature substantially below the transformation range. 將鐵合金加熱至高于轉變范圍的合適溫度，然后在空氣中冷卻至基本低于轉變范圍的溫度。 |
| Concentration ratio | 濃度比 |
For a concentrating solar collector, the ratio of the projected area of the concentrator facing the solar beam to the actual area of the receiver. 對于聚光太陽能集熱器，集中器面向太陽光束的投影面積與接收器的實際面積之比。 |
| Stiffness | 剛度 |
(1) The ability of a metal or shape to resist elastic deflection.(2) The rate of stress increase with respect to the rate of increase in strain induced in the metal or shape; the greater the stress required to produce a given strain, the stiffer the material is said to be. （1）金屬或形狀抵抗彈性變形的能力。（2）所述應力增加速率相對于在所述金屬或形狀中誘導的應變增加速率；產生給定應變所需的應力越大，材料就越硬。 |
| Adhesive wear | 粘著磨損 |
Wear that develops when two surfaces slide across one another under pressure. The removal or displacement of material from a surface by the welding together and subsequent shearing of minute areas of two surfaces that slide across each other under pressure. In advanced stages, may lead to galling. Contrast with abrasive wear. 當兩個表面在壓力下相互滑動時產生的磨損。通過焊接在一起并隨后剪切在壓力下相互滑動的兩個表面的微小區(qū)域，從表面去除或置換材料。在晚期，可能會導致擦傷。與磨料磨損形成對比。 |
| Fine pitch | 細牙螺紋 |
Fine pitch threads are often used within the automotive industry. They are more easily tapped into harder materials and have less tendency to loosen. 細螺距螺紋通常用于汽車行業(yè)。它們更容易被敲入較硬的材料中，并且不太容易松動。 |
| Screw | 螺釘 |
Threaded fastener designed to be used in a tapped or untapped (e.g., wood screw) hole, but not with a nut. A fastener with a screw thread cut or rolled into its cylindrical or conical shank, intended either to cut its own thread (as in a wood screw) or engage in a threaded hole. A self-tapping screw (sheet-metal screw, tapping screw) has a sufficiently hard thread that it cuts an internal thread in thin sheet or a component made of soft material when driven into a hole in the sheet or component. The screw head is the part of a screw used to apply torque to the screw. Common screw-head designs are circular in cross section with a diametral slot or cross, or hexagonal and recessed with a cross or hexagon. A screw thread is one or more continuous helical grooves of uniform section along either the exterior surface (male thread) or the interior surface (female thread) of a cylindrical or conical body. The three-dimensional shape that results when the thread cross section is rotated and axially advanced along an axis is called a helicoid, the angle that the thread makes when projected on to the axis being called the angle of inclination. Threads are employed in fasteners such as bolts, nuts, and screws; location and measuring instruments; in power drives; in some electrical fittings (Edison thread); and on the ends of crankshafts to suppress oil leakage (thrower thread). Parallel threads are formed on cylinders; tapered threads on cones, typically with a taper rate of 1:16. A screw with a righthanded thread appears to move away from the observer when turned clockwise. All standard screws, bolts and nuts have right-hand threads, but left-handed threads are sometimes employed. The axial distance between corresponding points on adjacent threads is called the screw pitch or screw rate and, for a single continuous helical groove (a single-start thread), is the same as the change in axial distance (the lead) between a nut and the head of a bolt during one revolution, the number of thread forms per mm then being the reciprocal of the pitch. For the same screw diameter, coarse threads have fewer threads per mm than fine threads. A multiple-start screw thread (usually coarse, see later) consists of two or more identical threads running simultaneously along its axis so as to provide greater bearing area and greater velocity ratio. The starts are separated by 180° (double start), 120° (triple start), 90° (quadruple start) etc., depending upon the number of threads. Thus, in double-start threads, the lead is twice the pitch; and so on. The axial distance between corresponding points on two adjacent threads in a multiple start thread is called the divided pitch. The position on a screw thread where there is equal distance between the flanks on the solid part of the thread and in the space between the threads is the pitch point, the associated diameter of which is termed the pitch diameter. The basic nomenclature for threads, some of which is common with that for toothed gearing, is shown in the diagrams. A helix formed or cut on a cylindrical surface which may advance along the axis to the right or left. The helix may be single or multiple. 一種螺紋緊固件，設計用于攻絲或未攻絲（如木螺釘）孔，但不與螺母配合使用。其螺紋被切割或卷成圓柱形或錐形柄，用于切割自身螺紋（如木螺釘）或嵌入螺紋孔。自攻螺釘（鈑金螺釘、自攻螺釘）具有足夠硬的螺紋，當打入薄板或部件中的孔時，它會在薄板或軟材料部件中切割內螺紋。螺釘頭是螺釘的一部分，用于向螺釘施加扭矩。常見的螺釘頭設計為橫截面為圓形，帶有直徑槽或十字，或為六邊形，并帶有十字或六邊形凹槽。螺紋是沿圓柱形或錐形體的外表面（外螺紋）或內表面（內螺紋）具有均勻截面的一個或多個連續(xù)螺旋槽。當螺紋橫截面旋轉并沿軸軸向前進時產生的三維形狀稱為螺旋面，螺紋投影到軸上時形成的角度稱為傾角。螺紋用于緊固件，如螺栓、螺母和螺釘；定位和測量儀器；在動力驅動中；在一些電氣配件中（愛迪生螺紋）；并安裝在曲軸端部，以抑制漏油（拋擲器螺紋）。在圓柱體上形成平行螺紋；圓錐上的錐形螺紋，通常具有1:16的錐形率。當順時針旋轉時，具有右手螺紋的螺釘似乎會遠離觀察者。所有標準螺釘、螺栓和螺母都有右手螺紋，但有時使用左手螺紋。相鄰螺紋上對應點之間的軸向距離稱為螺距或螺紋率，對于單個連續(xù)螺旋槽（單個起始螺紋），與螺母和螺栓頭之間的軸向間距（導程）在一周內的變化相同，每mm的螺紋形式數為螺距的倒數。對于相同的螺釘直徑，粗螺紋的每毫米螺紋數少于細螺紋。多頭螺紋（通常為粗螺紋，見下文）由兩個或多個沿其軸線同時延伸的相同螺紋組成，以提供更大的承載面積和更大的速比。根據螺紋的數量，起點之間的間隔為180°（雙起點）、120°（三起點）、90°（四起點）等。因此，在雙起始螺紋中，導程是螺距的兩倍；多起點螺紋中兩個相鄰螺紋上對應點之間的軸向距離稱為分割螺距。螺紋上的位置，即螺紋實體部分的側面和螺紋之間的空間之間的距離相等，即節(jié)點，其相關直徑稱為節(jié)徑。圖中顯示了螺紋的基本術語，其中一些與齒輪傳動的基本術語相同。在圓柱面上形成或切割的螺旋線，可沿軸線向右或向左前進。螺旋可以是單個或多個。 |
| Fin neck carriage bolt | 翼頸圓頭方頸螺栓 |
A plain, circular, oval head bolt with two oppositely located fins to prevent rotation. 一種普通的圓形橢圓頭螺栓，有兩個相對的翼片以防止旋轉。 |
| Heat treatment | 熱處理 |
(heat treating) Alteration of the mechanical properties of materials, particularly metals, by different sequences of heating, holding at temperature, and cooling at different rates. Heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in such a way as to obtain desired conditions or properties. Heating for the sole purpose of hot working is excluded from the meaning of this definition. （熱處理）材料，特別是金屬的機械性能的改變，通過不同的加熱順序、溫度保持和不同速率的冷卻。加熱和冷卻固體金屬或合金，以獲得所需的條件或性能。僅用于熱加工的加熱不屬于本定義的含義。 |
| Fastener testing | 緊固件測試 |
A determination or verification that the fastener meets its specification requirements. 確定或驗證緊固件符合其規(guī)范要求。 |
| Single thread | 單頭螺紋 |
A screw thread cut around a cylinder having a single start in which the lead is equal to the pitch. 一種螺紋，在一個圓柱體上切割而成，具有一個單一的起點，在這個起點上，導程等于螺距。 |
| Assembly line | 流水線 |
A system of mass production in which work is moved progressively from one operation to another, ultimately to give the final complete product. 一種大規(guī)模生產系統(tǒng)，其中工作逐漸從一個操作轉移到另一個操作，最終得到完整產品。 |
| Archimedes Wave Swing | 阿基米德波擺動 |
A machine for tidal-power energy generation consisting of two concentric, air-filled submerged cylinders. The inner lower cylinder is tethered to the ocean floor while the upper floater unit, which is closed at the top, moves up and down due to the variations in hydrostatic pressure caused by the wave motion. The relative movement of the two cylinders is used to generate electricity in which linear motion replaces the more common rotary motion of an electromagnetic generator. 一種用于潮汐能發(fā)電的機器，由兩個同心的充氣水下氣缸組成。內部下部圓柱體系在海底，而頂部封閉的上部浮子單元由于波浪運動引起的靜水壓力變化而上下移動。兩個氣缸的相對運動用于發(fā)電，其中直線運動取代了電磁發(fā)電機更常見的旋轉運動。 |
| Cavitation damage | 氣蝕損壞 |
Erosion of a solid surface through the formation and collapse of cavities or bubbles in an adjacent liquid that contains vapor and/or gas. 通過在包含蒸汽和/或氣體的相鄰液體中形成空穴或氣泡并破壞固體表面。 |
| Thermal stresses | 熱應力 |
Stresses in metal resulting from nonuniform temperature distribution. 由不均勻溫度分布引起的金屬應力。 |
| Grain size | 晶粒大小 |
A measure of the areas or volumes of grains in a polycrystalline metal, usually expressed as an average when the individual sizes are fairly uniform. In metals containing two or more phases, the grain size refers to that of the matrix unless otherwise specified. For metals, a measure of the areas or volumes of grains in a polycrystalline material, usually expressed as an average when the individual sizes are fairly uniform. In metals containing two or more phases, the grain size refers to that of the matrix unless otherwise specified. Grain sizes are reported in terms of number of grains per unit area or volume, average diameter, or as a grainsize number derived from area measurements. 多晶金屬中晶粒的面積或體積的量度，通常表示為單個尺寸相當均勻時的平均值。在含有兩相或多相的金屬中，除非另有說明，晶粒尺寸是指基體的晶粒尺寸。多晶材料中晶粒的面積或體積的量度，通常表示為單個尺寸相當均勻時的平均值。在含有兩相或多相的金屬中，除非另有說明，晶粒尺寸是指基體的晶粒尺寸。晶粒尺寸以每單位面積或體積的晶粒數、平均直徑或從面積測量得出的晶粒尺寸數來報告。 |
| X-ray thickness gauge | X射線厚度計 |
A device comprising an X-ray source and a detector used to determine the thickness of material in sheet or plate form, including metals, paper, plastics, rubber, and ceramics. 一種由X射線源和探測器組成的裝置，用于測定片狀或平板狀材料的厚度，包括金屬、紙張、塑料、橡膠和陶瓷。 |
| Clearance volume | 余隙容積 |
(Unit m3) The ‘dead’ volume above a piston, including the recess in the cylinder head, in a reciprocating compressor or engine when the piston is at top dead centre. （單位m3）活塞位于上止點時活塞上方的“死區(qū)”體積，包括氣缸蓋中的凹槽，在往復式壓縮機或發(fā)動機中。 |
| Ductile | 延展性材料 |
(ductile material) Describes a material that can be deformed permanently to large strains without fracture. If a bolt can be stretched well past its yield point before breaking, it is said to be ductile. （延展性材料）描述一種可以永久變形到大應變而不斷裂的材料。如果螺栓在斷裂前可以很好地拉伸超過其屈服點，則稱其具有延展性。 |
| Electrolyte | 電解質 |
The liquid with which the Electrodes of a battery or Corrosion cell are wetted. 潤濕電池或腐蝕電池電極的液體。 |
| Balance weight | 平衡器 |
A corrective mass used in the static or dynamic balancing of a rotating object. 用于旋轉物體的靜態(tài)或動態(tài)平衡的校正質量。 |
| SI system | SI國際單位制 |
SI is an abbreviation of Système International d’Unités, i.e., the international unit measurement system – an internationally established system of measurement units built on older metric systems. SI是Système International d‘Unités的縮寫，即國際單位計量系統(tǒng)——一種基于舊公制的國際公認計量單位系統(tǒng)。 |
| Zero initial conditions | 零初始條件 |
The assumption normally made in control engineering that up to a start time defined as t = 0, all variables have zero value. 在控制工程中通常作出的假設，即在定義為t=0的開始時間內，所有變量均為零值。 |
| Morse taper | 莫氏錐度 |
A self holding, standard taper largely used on drilling tools, drilling machine spindles, and some lathes. 一種自持式標準錐度，主要用于鉆孔工具、鉆床主軸和一些車床。 |
| Rotary piston flow meter | 旋轉活塞流量計 |
A rotary liquid flow meter in which a cylindrical rotor, eccentrically mounted within a cylindrical casing, the axes of the two cylinders being parallel, is caused to rotate by the liquid flow. The flow rate is determined from the number of rotations of the rotor in a given time. 一種旋轉式液體流量計，其中偏心安裝在圓柱形外殼內的圓柱形轉子，兩個圓柱體的軸線平行，由液體流引起旋轉。流量由轉子在給定時間內的轉數確定。 |
| Grinding | 研磨 |
1. A process of high-speed multiple scratching of surfaces by a wheel formed from hard grits and a binder which are progressively exposed as the binder wears away. It is a process of micromachining employed particularly in accurate finishing operations on hard materials. 2. A form of comminution. 1.一種通過由硬砂礫和粘合劑形成的輪對表面進行高速多次刮擦的方法，所述硬砂礫和粘結劑隨著粘合劑的磨損而逐漸暴露。這是一種微機械加工工藝，特別適用于硬材料的精確精加工操作。2.一種粉碎形式。 |
| Air pump | 氣泵 |
A machine for providing a flow of air or for increasing or decreasing the mass and pressure of air in a closed container. The term pump is more usual when the working fluid is a liquid, while compressor is more usual for gases. 一種用于提供空氣流動或用于增加或減少密閉容器中空氣質量和壓力的機器。當工作流體是液體時，術語泵更常用，而氣體更常用壓縮機。 |
| Gravity | 重力 |
The attractive force by which bodies are drawn towards the centre of Earth or other celestial object. Its intensity is measured by the acceleration produced. The gravitational force of attraction at the surface of a planet or other celestial body. The Earth’s gravity produces an acceleration of around 9.8m/s2 for any unsupported body. 物體被拉向地球中心或其他天體的吸引力，行星或其他天體表面的引力。它的強度是通過產生的加速度來衡量的，對于任何無支撐的物體，地球的重力都會產生大約9.8m/s2的加速度。 |
| Gear motor | 齒輪馬達 |
Essentially a gear pump run in reverse, in which high-pressure fluid supplied to one side of the casing causes the gears to rotate. 本質上是一個齒輪泵反向運行，其中供應到外殼一側的高壓流體導致齒輪旋轉。 |
| Actual value | 實際價值 |
The output of a plant that is being controlled, i.e. the controlled variable. Not directly accessible by the control system, as it can only be measured by a sensor which may distort the measurement. 受控設備的輸出，即受控變量。控制系統(tǒng)不能直接訪問，因為它只能由可能會扭曲測量結果的傳感器測量。 |
| Tension testing | 張力測試 |
A method of determining the behavior of materials subjected to uniaxial loading, which tends to stretch the metal. A longitudinal specimen of known length and diameter is gripped at both ends and stretched at a slow, controlled rate until rupture occurs. Also known as tensile testing. 一種確定材料在單軸載荷下的行為的方法，這種載荷傾向于拉伸金屬。將已知長度和直徑的縱向試樣夾持在兩端，并以緩慢、受控的速率拉伸，直到發(fā)生斷裂。也稱為拉伸測試。 |
| Fatigue failure | 疲勞失效 |
Failure that occurs when a specimen undergoing fatigue completely fractures into two parts or has softened or been otherwise significantly reduced in stiffness by thermal heating or cracking. 當經歷疲勞的試樣完全斷裂成兩部分或因熱加熱或開裂而軟化或剛度顯著降低時發(fā)生的失效。 |
| Centre of pressure | 壓力中心 |
1. The location, on an aerofoil or other body that develops lift, of the resultant lift force. 2. The location, on a surface submerged in a liquid, of the resultant force due to the pressure acting on the surface. Because hydrostatic pressure increases with depth, the centre of pressure is generally below the centroid of the surface. 1.在產生升力的機翼或其他物體上，合成升力的位置。2.在浸沒在液體中的表面上，由于作用在表面上的壓力而產生的合力的位置。由于靜水壓力隨深度增加，壓力中心通常低于表面質心。 |
| Dilatation (dilation) | 膨脹 |
A change of volume caused by external load, compression, temperature change, chemical action, etc. 由外部載荷、壓縮、溫度變化、化學作用等引起的體積變化。 |
| Ultimate strength | 極限應力 |
The maximum tensile strength a bolt or material can support prior to rupture. Always found in the plastic region of the stress–strain or force–elongation curve, and so is not a design strength. Also called Tensile strength and ultimate tensile strength. The maximum stress (tensile, compressive, or shear) a material can sustain without fracture, determined by dividing maximum load by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen. Also known as nominal strength or maximum strength. 螺栓或材料在斷裂前可支撐的最大抗拉強度。總是出現在應力-應變或力-伸長率曲線的塑性區(qū)域，因此不是設計強度。也稱為抗拉強度和極限抗拉強度。材料在不斷裂的情況下能夠承受的最大應力（拉伸、壓縮或剪切），通過將最大載荷除以試樣的原始橫截面積來確定。也稱為標稱強度或最大強度。 |
| Secant modulus | 割線模量 |
The slope of the secant drawn from the origin to any specified point on a stress-strain curve. Compare with chord modulus. 從原點到應力應變曲線上任何指定點的割線斜率。與弦模量進行比較。 |
| Hot isostatic pressing | 熱等靜壓 |
Sintering of powdered materials at high temperature and high hydrostatic pressure in order to minimize porosity. 在高溫和高靜水壓力下燒結粉末材料，以盡量減少孔隙率。 |
| Slant fracture | 傾斜裂縫 |
A type of fracture appearance, typical of plane-stress fractures, in which the plane of metal separation is inclined at an angle (usually about 45°) to the axis of the applied stress. 一種斷裂現象，典型的平面應力斷裂，其中金屬分離面與施加應力的軸成一定角度（通常約45°）傾斜。 |
| Cavity radiator | 空腔輻射器 |
A heated chamber having a small hole through which radiation, approximating blackbody radiation, passes out. 具有小孔的加熱室，近似于黑體輻射的輻射通過該小孔傳遞出去。 |
| Compressive stress | 壓縮應力 |
A stress that causes an elastic body to deform (shorten) in the direction of the applied load. Contrast with tensile stress. 使彈性體沿施加載荷方向變形（縮短）的應力。與拉應力對比。 |
| Threading machine | 螺紋機 |
A machine used to cut an external thread on a rod, tube, bolt blank, etc. or an internal thread in a hole, tube, nut blank, etc. 用于切割桿、管、螺栓毛坯等上的外螺紋或孔、管、螺母毛坯等中的內螺紋的機器。 |
| Ferritizing anneal | 鐵素體化退火 |
A treatment given as-cast gray or ductile (nodular) iron to produce an essentially ferritic matrix. For the term to be meaningful, the final microstructure desired or the time-temperature cycle used must be specified. 給予鑄態(tài)灰鐵或球墨鑄鐵以產生基本鐵素體基體的處理。為了使該術語有意義，必須指定所需的最終微觀結構或使用的時間-溫度循環(huán)。 |
| Selective heating | 局部加熱 |
Intentionally heating only certain portions of a workpiece. 有意僅加熱工件的某些部分。 |
| Air compressor | 空氣壓縮機 |
A turbomachine that draws in air and delivers it at higher pressure, temperature, and density. It can be of axial, fan, reciprocating, or rotary design. 一種渦輪機，它吸入空氣并以更高的壓力、溫度和密度輸送空氣。它可以是軸流式、風扇式、往復式或旋轉式設計。 |
| Conditioning heat treatment | 調質熱處理 |
A preliminary heat treatment used to prepare a material for desired reaction to a subsequent heat treatment. For the term to be meaningful, the exact heat treatment must be specified. 用于制備材料的初步熱處理，以便對隨后的熱處理進行所需的反應。為了使該術語有意義，必須指定確切的熱處理。 |
| Supercooling | 過冷 |
Cooling below the temperature at which an equilibrium phase transformation can take place, without actually obtaining the transformation. 在沒有實際獲得相變的情況下，冷卻到可以發(fā)生平衡相變的溫度以下。 |
| Sliding-vane compressor | 滑片壓縮機 |
(rotary-vane compressor, vane compressor) A rotary compressor in which gas is compressed as the spaces between spring-loaded sliding vanes held in an offset rotor reduce as the rotor revolves within a cylindrical housing. （旋轉葉片壓縮機，葉片壓縮機）一種旋轉式壓縮機，當轉子在圓柱形外殼內旋轉時，偏置轉子中的彈簧加載滑動葉片之間的空間減小，從而壓縮氣體。 |
| Deformation (Unit 1/s) | 變形（單位1/s） |
A change in the form of a body due to stress, thermal change, change in moisture, or other causes. In solid mechanics, any change, reversible (elastic) or permanent (plastic), in the shape or size of parts of a body, or the whole body, caused by external or internal loading. It includes extension, compression, bending, and twisting. The same state of deformation in a body can appear as different combinations of elongation and shear. To state how much of the total strain is shear, it is split into dilatation and deviatoric components, the former changing volume but not shape, the latter shape but not volume. 由于壓力、熱變化、水分變化或其他原因導致的身體形態(tài)變化。在固體力學中，由外部或內部載荷引起的身體各部分或整個身體的形狀或大小的任何可逆（彈性）或永久（塑性）變化。它包括拉伸、壓縮、彎曲和扭曲。物體中相同的變形狀態(tài)可以表現為伸長和剪切的不同組合。為了說明總應變中有多少是剪切，將其分為膨脹分量和偏差分量，前者改變體積但不改變形狀，后者改變形狀但不改變體積。 |
| Homogenizing | 均質化 |
Holding at high temperature to eliminate or decrease chemical segregation by diffusion. 保持高溫以消除或減少擴散引起的化學偏析。 |
| Reverse engineering | 逆向工程 |
The disassembly of a machine, mechanism, system or device, measurement of its component parts, and identification of the materials used so that if required, a functioning replica can be produced. 拆卸機器、機構、系統(tǒng)或裝置，測量其組成部分，并識別所用材料，以便在需要時可以生產出功能正常的復制品。 |
| Shear modulus (G) | 剪切模量（G） |
The ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear strain for shear stresses below the proportional limit of the material. Values of shear modulus are usually determined by torsion testing. Also known as modulus of rigidity. 對于低于材料比例極限的剪切應力，剪切應力與相應剪切應變之比。剪切模量值通常通過扭轉試驗確定。也稱為剛度模量。 |
| Applied thermodynamics | 應用熱力學 |
(engineering thermodynamics, thermodynamics) The science of the relationship between heat, work and the properties of systems and the ways in which heat energy from fuels can be converted into mechanical work. It involves the study of all aspects of energy use and energy transformation, including power generation, refrigeration, the relevant properties of the substances involved and the relationships between them. The principle of conservation of energy is a fundamental law of nature. （工程熱力學、熱力學）熱、功和系統(tǒng)特性之間關系的科學，以及燃料中的熱能可以轉化為機械功的方式。它涉及能源使用和能源轉換的各個方面的研究，包括發(fā)電、制冷、所涉及物質的相關特性以及它們之間的關系。能量守恒定律是自然的基本規(guī)律。 |
| Temper embrittlement | 回火脆化 |
Brittleness that results when certain steels are held within, or are cooled slowly through, a certain range of temperature below the transformation range. The brittleness is manifested as an upward shift in ductile-to-brittle transition temperature but only rarely produces a low value of reduction in area in a smooth-bar tension test of the embrittled material. The anomalous reduction in toughness of martensitic stainless steels when tempered in the range 370–600°C. Embrittlement of alloy steels caused by holding within or cooling slowly through a temperature range just below the transformation range. Embrittlement is the result of the segregation at grain boundaries of impurities such as arsenic, antimony, phosphorus, and tin; it is usually manifested as an upward shift in ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. Temper embrittlement can be reversed by retempering above the critical temperature range, then cooling rapidly. 當某些鋼保持在低于轉變范圍的某一溫度范圍內或緩慢冷卻時產生的脆性。脆性表現為延性到脆性轉變溫度的向上移動，但在脆性材料的平滑棒材拉伸試驗中，很少產生較小的面積減小值。馬氏體不銹鋼在370–600°C范圍內回火時的韌性異常降低。合金鋼的脆化是由于在低于轉變范圍的溫度范圍內保持或緩慢冷卻而引起的。脆化是雜質（如砷、銻、磷和錫）在晶界處偏析的結果；它通常表現為韌脆轉變溫度的上升。回火脆化可以通過在臨界溫度范圍以上重新回火，然后快速冷卻來逆轉。 |
| Burning | 燃燒化 |
(1) Permanently damaging a metal or alloy by heating to cause either incipient melting or intergranular oxidation. See overheating, grain-boundary liquation. (2) In grinding, getting the work hot enough to cause discoloration or to change the microstructure by tempering or hardening. （1）通過加熱導致初期熔化或晶間氧化而永久損壞金屬或合金。參見過熱、晶界液化。（2）在磨削過程中，使工件熱到足以引起變色或通過回火或硬化改變微觀結構。 |
| Relaxed stress | 松弛應力 |
The initial stress minus the remaining stress at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. 在應力松弛試驗期間，初始應力減去給定時間的剩余應力。 |
| Tensometer | 拉力計 |
A bench-top device, used to perform tension and compression tests. 用于進行拉伸和壓縮試驗的臺式裝置。 |
| Striation | 條紋組織 |
A fatigue fracture feature, often observed in electron micrographs, that indicates the position of the crack front after each succeeding cycle of stress. The distance between striations indicates the advance of the crack front across that crystal during one stress cycle, and a line normal to the striation indicates the direction of local crack propagation. 一種疲勞斷裂特征，通常在電子顯微照片中觀察到，表明每次應力循環(huán)后裂紋前沿的位置。條紋之間的距離表示在一個應力循環(huán)期間裂紋前沿穿過該晶體的前進，垂直于條紋的線表示局部裂紋擴展的方向。 |
| Atmospheric pressure | 氣壓 |
The downward force exerted by the atmosphere because of its weight, (gravitational attraction to the Earth), measured by barometers, and usually expressed in units of millibars. Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013.25 mb.expressed in units of millibars. Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013.25 mb. 大氣由于其重量（對地球的引力）而施加的向下的力，用氣壓計測量，通常以毫巴為單位表示。海平面的標準大氣壓為1013.25mb。以毫巴為單位表示。海平面的標準大氣壓為1013.25mb。 |
| Punch | 沖床 |
1. A hand tool with a sharp point, used to mark the position of a hole centre in a workpiece prior to drilling. 2. A flat-ended tool with sharp edges, used to shear out a hole in a plate that is supported underneath on a die having a slightly larger same-shaped orifice. 1.一種帶有尖頭的手動工具，用于在鉆孔前標記工件中孔中心的位置。2.一種具有銳邊的平頭工具，用于剪切板上的孔，該板支撐在具有稍大相同形狀孔口的模具下方。 |
| Tangent modulus | 切線模量 |
The slope of the stress-strain curve at any specified stress or strain. See also modulus of elasticity. 在任何規(guī)定的應力或應變下，應力-應變曲線的斜率。另見彈性模量。 |
| Maximum stress (Smax) | 最大應力（Smax） |
The stress having the highest algebraic value in the stress cycle, tensile stress being considered positive and compressive stress negative. The nominal stress is used most commonly. 在應力循環(huán)中具有最高代數值的應力，拉應力被認為是正的，壓應力被認為是負的。名義應力是最常用的。 |
| Failure of the bolt | 螺栓失效 |
Term implying that the bolt has broken or the threads have stripped. There can be many reasons for this. 表示螺栓斷裂或螺紋脫落的術語。原因可能有很多種。 |
| Taper | 變尖 |
A gradual, often linear, reduction in cross section or shape. A shaft or hole that gets gradually smaller toward one end. 橫截面或形狀的逐漸減小，通常是線性的。一端逐漸變小的軸或孔。 |
| Shore hardness | 肖氏硬度 |
A measure of the hardness of materials such as elastomers, plastics, and rubbers determined using a Shore durometer which measures the penetration depth of a hardened steel rod (the indenter) 1.1–1.4 mm in diameter into the test material for a given force applied rapidly with a calibrated spring. There are two main indenter designs: type A (for softer materials) for which the end of the rod is a truncated 35° cone tapering to a diameter of 0.79 mm, and type D (harder materials) for which the end is a 30° cone with a 0.1 mm radius tip. The spring force is 8.05 N for type A and 44.45 N for type D. The hardness value is related to the penetration depth (limited to a maximum of 2.5 mm) such that for zero penetration the hardness is 100 and for maximum penetration the hardness is zero. The relevant standards are ISO 48-1, 48-4, and 48-7. Shore hardness values of selected materials are as follows: ABS 100, cellulose acetate 50–95, high-density polyethylene 60–70, low density polyethylene 40–50, polymethylmethacrylate 90–99, PTFE 50–65, and plasticized PVC 15–70. 使用肖氏硬度計測量彈性體、塑料和橡膠等材料的硬度，肖氏硬度儀測量直徑為1.1–1.4mm的硬化鋼棒（壓頭）在用校準彈簧快速施加的給定力下滲入試驗材料的深度。有兩種主要的壓頭設計：A型（適用于較軟的材料），其桿端為截頭35°錐形，逐漸變細至直徑0.79 mm；D型（較硬的材料），端部為30°錐形，尖端半徑為0.1mm。A型的彈簧力為8.05N，D型為44.45N。硬度值與滲透深度相關（最大限制為2.5mm），因此，對于零滲透，硬度為100，對于最大滲透，硬度是零。相關標準為ISO 48-1、48-4和48-7。所選材料的肖氏硬度值如下：ABS100、醋酸纖維素50-95、高密度聚乙烯60-70、低密度聚乙烯40-50、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯90-99、PTFE50-65和塑化PVC15-70。 |
| Breaking load | 斷裂載荷 |
The maximum load (or force) applied to a test specimen or structural member loaded to rupture. 施加到加載到破裂的試樣或結構構件上的最大載荷（或力）。 |
| Crack arrest | 止裂 |
Crack propagation that stops of its own accord when the energy release rate of the loaded component or structure falls below a critical value. If predictable, it can be incorporated into structural-integrity assessments. 當加載部件或結構的能量釋放率低于臨界值時，裂紋自行停止擴展。如果可以預測，可以將其納入結構完整性評估。 |
| Kilo (k) | 千（k） |
An SI unit prefix indicating a multiplier of 103; thus kilometre (km) is a unit of length equal to one thousand metres. 表示乘法器103的SI單位前綴；1千米是長度單位，等于1000米。 |
| Coefficient of friction (μ) | 摩擦系數（μ） |
?(coefficient of kinetic friction, coefficient of sliding friction, friction coefficient, μ) The ratio of the frictional force F to the normal force N between two surfaces in contact, i.e. μ = F/N. Static friction is when there is no relative sliding; kinetic friction when there is. For structural components sliding on one another, the coefficient of friction is the ratio of the force causing the sliding to the force perpendicular to the sliding component surfaces. The coefficient of friction is dimensionless with values between zero and one. The number characterising the force necessary to slide or roll one material along the?€surface of another. If an object has a weight N and the coefficient of friction is μ, then the force F necessary to move it without acceleration along a level surface is F = μN. The coefficient of static friction determines the force necessary to initiate movement; the coefficient of kinetic friction determines the force necessary to maintain movement. Kinetic friction is usually smaller than static friction. （動摩擦系數、滑動摩擦系數、摩擦系數，μ）兩個接觸表面之間摩擦力F與法向力N的比值，即μ=F/N。靜摩擦是指沒有相對滑動時；有摩擦時的動摩擦。對于相互滑動的結構部件，摩擦系數是引起滑動的力與垂直于滑動部件表面的力的比值。摩擦系數是無量綱的，其值介于0和1之間。代表一種材料沿另一種材料的表面滑動或滾動所需的力的數字。如果一個物體的重量為N并且摩擦系數為μ，那么在沒有加速度的情況下沿水平表面移動它所需的力F為F=μN。靜摩擦系數決定了啟動運動所需的力；動摩擦系數決定了保持運動所需的力。動摩擦通常小于靜摩擦。兩個物體之間的力（F）與將這些物體壓在一起的法向力（N）的無量綱比：μ（或f）=（F/N）。 |
| Diffusion | 擴散 |
(1) Spreading of a constituent in a gas, liquid, or solid, tending to make the composition of all parts uniform. (2) The spontaneous movement of atoms or molecules to new sites within a material. （1） 一種成分在氣體、液體或固體中的擴散，趨于使所有部分的成分均勻。（2） 原子或分子自發(fā)運動到材料內的新位置。 |
| Damage tolerance | 損傷容限 |
(defect tolerance) A design philosophy that takes into account initial imperfections, crack-growth rates and conditions at final fracture, and uses fracture mechanics to demonstrate that cracks should not grow to their critical length within the design life (or at least should be capable of ready detection). （缺陷公差）考慮初始缺陷、裂紋擴展速率和最終斷裂條件的設計理念，并使用斷裂力學證明裂紋不應在設計壽命內增長到其臨界長度（或至少應能夠隨時檢測）。 |
| Thermal efficiency | 熱效率 |
The ratio, for a heat engine or thermodynamic cycle, of the net work output to the net heat input into the system. 對于熱機或熱力循環(huán)，凈功輸出與系統(tǒng)凈熱輸入的比率。 |
| Plastic deformation | 塑性變形 |
The permanent (inelastic) distortion of a material under applied stress that strains the material beyond its elastic limit. 材料在施加應力下的永久（非彈性）變形，使材料應變超過其彈性極限。 |
| Pitch (Unit m) | 間距（單位：m） |
1. In a cascade of identical turbine or compressor blades, the distance between successive blades measured parallel to the leading edges. 2. For a screw thread, the distance between adjacent thread forms measured parallel to the thread axis. 3. For an aircraft, the vertical relationship between the nose and the horizon. The pitch axis is an axis in the plane of the wings of an aircraft, perpendicular to the centreline, about which the aircraft rotates. Pitch motion is the corresponding up or down movement of the aircraft nose. Pitch attitude is the angle between the centreline of an aircraft and the horizontal. The angle is positive when the nose is above its position when the centreline is horizontal. 1.在相同渦輪或壓縮機葉片的葉柵中，平行于前緣測量的連續(xù)葉片之間的距離。2.對于螺紋，平行于螺紋軸線測量的相鄰螺紋形狀之間的距離。3.對于飛機，機頭和水平線之間的垂直關系。俯仰軸是飛機機翼平面內垂直于中心線的軸，飛機繞中心線旋轉。俯仰運動是飛機機頭的相應向上或向下運動。俯仰姿態(tài)是飛機中心線與水平線之間的角度。當中心線水平時，當機頭高于其位置時，角度為正。 |
| Eccentric load | 偏心載荷 |
The external load on a fastener or groups of fasteners is said to be eccentric if the resultant of that load does not pass through the centroid of the group of fasteners (eccentric shear load ) or does not coincide with the bolt axis (eccentric tensile load ). 如果一個或多個緊固件上的外部載荷的合力未穿過緊固件組的質心（偏心剪切載荷）或與螺栓軸不重合（偏心拉伸載荷），則稱該外部載荷為偏心。 |
| Stud | 螺柱 |
A rod having thread on both ends. A headless threaded fastener, threaded on both ends, with an unthreaded body in the middle section, or threaded from end to end. Used with two nuts, or with one nut and a tapped hole. A plain cylindrical piece having a threaded portion of suitable length at each end or a continuous thread over the entire length. One end is screwed into a machine or workpiece after which a second part is placed over the stud and held in place by a nut. 兩端都有螺紋的桿。無頭螺紋緊固件，兩端有螺紋，中間部分有無螺紋主體，或從一端到另一端有螺紋。與兩個螺母或一個螺母和一個螺紋孔一起使用。一種普通的圓柱形部件，其兩端具有適當長度的螺紋部分，或在整個長度上具有連續(xù)螺紋。一端擰入機器或工件，然后將第二部分放在螺柱上，并用螺母固定到位。 |
| Pressure surface | 壓力面 |
The high-pressure surface of an aerofoil, turbine, or compressor blade. In normal aircraft applications, this is the lower surface of a wing. For applications, such as to high-performance motor vehicles, where the aerofoil is inverted to generate downforce, it is the upper surface. 機翼、渦輪或壓縮機葉片的高壓表面。在正常的飛機應用中，這是機翼的下表面。對于高性能機動車輛等應用，機翼翻轉以產生下壓力，它是上表面。 |
| Torque control | 扭矩控制 |
A system of optimizing rotor speed for a variable-speed wind turbine by controlling the torque demands of the generator. 通過控制發(fā)電機的扭矩需求來優(yōu)化變速風力渦輪機的轉子速度的系統(tǒng)。 |
| Forging | 鍛造處理 |
The process of forming raw steel into specified shapes. Some examples of forged products would be hex bolts, clevises, and barrier pins. 1. A method of component manufacture by hammering metal by hand or by machine (drop forge, press). 2. A part made by the process of forging. 將生鋼制成特定形狀的過程。鍛造產品的一些例子是六角螺栓、U形夾和障礙銷。 1. 一種通過手工或機器錘擊金屬（落鍛、壓力機）制造部件的方法。2.通過鍛造工藝制成的零件。 |
| Critical diameter | 臨界直徑 |
(D) Diameter of the bar that can be fully hardened with 50% martensite at its center. （D）中心有50%馬氏體可完全硬化的棒材直徑。 |
| Flame annealing | 火焰退火 |
Annealing in which the heat is applied directly by a flame. 通過火焰直接加熱的退火。 |
| Torque coefficient | 扭矩系數 |
1. (KT) For a propeller of diameter D, a non-dimensional parameter defined by KT?= T/ρΩ2D5?where Ω is the rotational speed (in rad/s) and ρ is the fluid density. 2. (CT) An alternative to (1) for a wind turbine, defined by CT?= 2T/ρV2AR where V is the wind speed, A is the swept area of the blades, and R is the blade radius. 3. (K) An empirical coefficient used to calculate the torque T required to achieve an axial load F in a bolt according to T = KFd where d is the nominal bolt diameter. 1.（KT）對于直徑為D的螺旋槳，由KT=T/ρΩ2D5定義的無量綱參數，其中Ω是轉速（單位為rad/s），ρ是流體密度。2.（CT）對于風力渦輪機（1）的替代方案，由CT=2T/ρV2AR定義，其中V是風速，a是葉片的掃掠面積，R是葉片半徑。3.（K）經驗系數，用于根據T=KFd計算螺栓中實現軸向載荷F所需的扭矩T，其中d是螺栓標稱直徑。 |
| Span (Unit m) | 跨度（單位：m） |
A dimension measured between the extremities of a body or structure, such as between the tips of a wing or the supports of a bridge. 在身體或結構的末端之間測量的尺寸，如機翼尖端或橋梁支架之間。 |
| Screw pair | 螺旋副 |
Two links connected together to form a kinematic pair, in which the contacting surfaces are screw threads, so that their relative motion consists of rotation and sliding. 兩個連桿連接在一起形成運動副，其中接觸面為螺紋，因此它們的相對運動包括旋轉和滑動。 |
| Machine tool | 機床工具 |
A powered machine, such as a borer, grinder, lathe, milling machine or planer, used for cutting and shaping metal, plastics, composites, etc. (machining). A machining centre is a CNC machine tool working about several axes, having a stock of tools and automatic tool changing ability, which is capable of diverse machining operations under automated control. 一種動力機器，如鉆孔機、磨床、車床、銑床或刨床，用于切割和成形金屬、塑料、復合材料等（機加工）。加工中心是圍繞多個軸工作的CNC機床，具有刀具庫存和自動換刀能力，能夠在自動化控制下進行各種加工操作。 |
| Tolerance limits | 公差極限 |
The extreme values (upper and lower) that define the range of permissible variation in size or other quality characteristic of a part. 定義零件尺寸或其他質量特性允許偏差范圍的極值（上限和下限）。 |
| Ball screw and nut | 滾珠絲杠和螺母 |
A nut and bolt assembly having semi-circular helical grooves, as opposed to threads, in which run ball bearings. On rotation of the nut, the balls move along the helix and carry the axial load. Balls reaching the end of the groove are recirculated back to the beginning. Such devices have low friction and very little backlash, and are used in some steering mechanisms. 一種螺母和螺栓組件，具有半圓形螺旋槽，與螺紋相反，在其中運行滾珠軸承。在螺母旋轉時，滾珠沿螺旋線移動并承受軸向載荷。到達凹槽末端的滾珠被循環(huán)回起點。這種裝置具有低摩擦和非常小的背隙，并且用于一些轉向機構。 |
| ASME | ASME |
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 美國機械工程師學會。 |
| Cyaniding | 氰化 |
A case-hardening process in which a ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation range in a molten salt containing cyanide to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen at the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. Quench hardening completes the process. 一種表面硬化工藝，將含鐵材料在含氰化物的熔融鹽中加熱至低于較低轉變范圍，使其表面同時吸收碳和氮，并通過擴散形成濃度梯度。淬火硬化完成該過程。 |
| Transformation toughening | 相變增韌 |
The improvement of fracture toughness of a material by stress-induced transformation of the microstructure. 通過微結構的應力誘導轉變來提高材料的斷裂韌性。 |
| Knot (kn) | 節(jié)（kn） |
A non-SI unit defined as one nautical mile per hour. The conversion to SI is 1 kn = 5.144 444 444×10?1?m/s. 非國際單位制單位，定義為每小時一海里。轉換為SI為1kN=5.144444×10?1米/秒。 |
| Centrifugal | 離心式 |
Acting or moving in a direction away from the axis of rotation of a rotating body. 沿遠離旋轉體的旋轉軸的方向作用或移動。 |
| Vacuum pump | 真空泵 |
A pump for exhausting air and non-condensable gases from a vessel to be maintained at sub-atmospheric pressure. The pirani and thermal-conductivity gauges are vacuum gauges used to measure the absolute pressure within a vacuum system (vacuum level), usually expressed in torr or Pa. 用于從容器中排出空氣和不凝性氣體以保持在亞大氣壓的泵。皮拉尼和熱導率計是用于測量真空系統(tǒng)內絕對壓力（真空水平）的真空計，通常用托或帕表示。 |
| Notch strength | 缺口強度 |
The maximum load on a notched tensile-test specimen divided by the minimum cross-sectional area (the area at the root of the notch). Also known as notch tensile strength. 缺口拉伸試樣上的最大載荷除以最小橫截面積（缺口根部的面積）。也稱為缺口抗拉強度。 |
| Wind energy (Unit kJ) | 風能（單位kJ） |
The kinetic energy associated with wind that can be converted by a wind energy conversion system (WECS) into electrical or mechanical power by a rotor, such as a multi-bladed propeller, exposed to the wind. If the air density is ρ and the wind speed is V, then the kinetic energy flux is ρV3/2. The actual wind power that can be extracted by a wind turbine intercepting a cross section of wind A is CPρAV3/2 where CP is an empirical efficiency factor termed the power coefficient. The wind-energy distribution is a histogram of the calculated wind power that can be generated annually from the windspeed frequency distribution at a given location. A windmill generates mechanical power whereas a wind turbine (wind generator) generates electrical power. The largest wind turbine, manufactured by MHI Vestas, has a power rating of 9.5 MW, a rotor diameter of 164 m, and a hub height of 105 m (the highest wind turbines have heights in the region of 190 m). A wind farm is an array of wind turbines, typically ten to several hundred, at a single location, either onshore or offshore. Energy derived from wind is a major contributor to sustainable energy generation. The largest operational offshore wind farm, located in the Irish Sea, has 87 turbines and a total generating capacity of 659 MW. The largest onshore wind farm is in Kern County, California with some 586 turbines and a total capacity of 1 550 MW. 風能轉換系統(tǒng)（WECS）可通過暴露于風中的轉子（如多葉片螺旋槳）將與風相關的動能轉換為電能或機械能。如果空氣密度為ρ，風速為V，則動能通量為ρV3/2?？捎山孬@風a橫截面的風力渦輪機提取的實際風功率為CPρAV3/2，其中CP是稱為功率系數的經驗效率因子。風能分布是根據給定位置處的風速頻率分布每年可產生的計算風力的直方圖。風車產生機械功率，而風力渦輪機（風力發(fā)電機）產生電功率。MHI Vestas制造的最大風力渦輪機的額定功率為9.5MW，轉子直徑為164m，輪轂高度為105m（最高風力渦輪機的高度為190m）。風電場是一系列風力渦輪機，通常為十到幾百臺，位于單一位置，無論是陸上還是海上。風能是可持續(xù)能源發(fā)電的主要貢獻者。最大的海上風電場位于愛爾蘭海，擁有87臺渦輪機，總發(fā)電容量為659MW。最大的陸上風電場位于加利福尼亞州克恩縣，擁有約586臺渦輪機，總容量為1550兆瓦。 |
| Creep limit (Unit Pa) | 蠕變極限（單位Pa） |
The maximum allowable stress under the action of which creep deformation of a material does not exceed a specified limit. 材料在其作用下的蠕變變形不超過規(guī)定限度的最大許用應力。 |
| Nautical mile (M) | 海里（M） |
A special unit of distance employed for marine and aerial navigation. The conversion to SI is 1 M = 1 852 m. 用于海上和空中導航的特殊距離單位。SI的轉換為1M＝1852m。 |
| Centrifugal force (Unit N) | 離心力（單位N） |
The inertial reaction force to the centripetal force. It is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. 慣性反作用力對向心力。它的大小相等，但方向相反。 |
| Screw extractor | 螺釘拔 |
A device for removing broken-off screws from threaded holes. It resembles a drill with, for broken right-hand threads, a fast (long-pitch) left-hand thread that is driven into a hole drilled in the broken screw, thus untwisting it. 從螺紋孔中去除斷裂螺釘的裝置。它類似于一個鉆頭，對于斷裂的右螺紋，一個快速（長螺距）的左螺紋被打入在斷裂螺釘上鉆的孔中，從而將其松開。 |
| ANSI | ANSI |
The acronym for American National Standards Institute. 美國國家標準協(xié)會的縮寫。 |
| Prying | 撬動 |
The magnification of an External load by a pseudolever action when that load is an Eccentric tensile load. 當外部荷載為偏心拉伸荷載時，通過偽杠桿作用放大外部荷載。 |
| Vibrograph | 示振器 |
An instrument that records vibrations in a system over time. 記錄系統(tǒng)隨時間變化的振動的儀器。 |
| Offset yield strength | 條件屈服強度 |
The stress at which the strain exceeds by a specified amount (the offset) an extension of the initial proportional portion of the stress-strain curve. Expressed in force per unit area. 應變超過應力-應變曲線初始比例部分延伸規(guī)定量（偏移）的應力。以每單位面積的力表示。 |
| Grinding stress (Unit Pa) | 磨削應力（單位Pa） |
The residual stresses left in the surface of a component after grinding, owing to non-uniform cooling from the high surface temperatures produced. 由于產生的高表面溫度造成的不均勻冷卻，磨削后留在部件表面的殘余應力。 |
| Ion carburizing | 離子滲碳 |
A method of surface hardening in which carbon ions are diffused into a workpiece in a vacuum through the use of high-voltage electrical energy. Synonymous with plasma carburizing or glowdischarge carburizing. 一種表面硬化方法，利用高壓電能將碳離子在真空中擴散到工件中。與等離子滲碳或輝光放電滲碳同義。 |
| Solenoid | 螺線管 |
A coil of electrically-conducting wire wrapped around a metal core, typically iron, to produce a magnetic field and hence a force on the core when an electric current passes through the coil. Solenoids are widely used to produce linear movement to actuate valves (solenoid valves) and other devices. 繞在金屬芯（通常為鐵）上的導線線圈，當電流通過線圈時產生磁場，從而在芯上產生力。電磁閥廣泛用于產生線性運動以驅動閥（電磁閥）和其他裝置。 |
| Scale height (Unit m) | 刻度高度（單位：m） |
The altitude H at which the atmospheric pressure has decreased to a certain fraction of its value at sea level B. It depends on the model adopted for the atmosphere: for an isothermal atmosphere, the pressure decreases exponentially with altitude. If H is taken as the altitude at which the pressure has fallen to B/e, then H = RT/g where R is the gas constant for air, T is the absolute temperature T, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. 大氣壓力降低到其在海平面B處數值的某一部分的高度H。它取決于大氣采用的模型：對于等溫大氣，壓力隨高度呈指數下降。如果取H作為壓力下降到B/e的高度，則H=RT/g，其中R是空氣的氣體常數，T是絕對溫度T，g是重力引起的加速度。 |
| Endurance limit | 耐力極限 |
The maximum stress below which a material can presumably endure an infinite number of stress cycles. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. That completely reversing stress limit below which a bolt or joint member will have an essentially infinite life under cyclic fatigue loads. Note that the mean stress on the bolts here is zero. 材料可以承受無限次應力循環(huán)的最大應力。還應說明最大應力值和應力比。完全逆轉的應力極限，低于該極限螺栓或接頭構件在循環(huán)疲勞載荷下將具有基本上無限的壽命。請注意，此處螺栓上的平均應力為零。 |
| Finish annealing | 精制退火 |
A subcritical annealing treatment applied to cold-worked low- or medium-carbon steel. Finish annealing, which is a compromise treatment, lowers residual stresses, thereby minimizing the risk of distortion in machining while retaining most of the benefits to machinability contributed by cold working. Compare with final annealing. 適用于冷加工低碳鋼或中碳鋼的亞臨界退火處理。與最終退火相比，精加工退火是一種折衷處理，可降低殘余應力，從而最大限度地降低加工中的變形風險，同時保留冷加工對可加工性的大部分好處。 |
| Screw displacement | 螺桿位移 |
A rotation of a rigid body about an axis accompanied by a translation of the body along the same axis. 剛體繞軸旋轉，同時剛體沿同一軸平移。 |
| Metallurgy | 冶金 |
The study of the atomic, crystallographic, microstructural, mechanical, and physical properties of metallic elements and alloys and their applications. 研究金屬元素和合金的原子、晶體學、微觀結構、機械和物理特性及其應用。 |
| Thermoelectric converter | 熱電轉換器 |
(thermoelectric generator) A device consisting of series-connected alternate n- and p-type semiconductor elements sandwiched between two ceramic plates. Due to the Seebeck effect, electrical power is generated when a temperature difference is maintained across the plates. Due to the Peltier effect, a thermoelectric converter can act as either a thermoelectric heater or a thermoelectric cooler (thermoelectric refrigerator) by passing an electrical current through it. The thermoelectric figure of merit (Z), with unit 1/K, is a dimensional parameter on which the efficiency of a thermoelectric device is primarily dependent, defined by Z = σα2/k where α is the Seebeck coefficient, σ is the electrical conductivity, and k is the thermal conductivity. The product of Z and a temperature is non-dimensional. （熱電發(fā)生器）由串聯(lián)連接的交替的n型和p型半導體元件夾在兩塊陶瓷板之間組成的裝置。由于塞貝克效應，當板之間保持溫差時，就會產生電能。由于珀爾帖效應，熱電轉換器可以通過使電流通過而充當熱電加熱器或熱電冷卻器（熱電制冷機）。熱電優(yōu)值（Z）和第一單元/K是一個尺寸參數，熱電裝置的效率主要取決于此，由Z=σα2/K定義，其中α是塞貝克系數，σ是電導率，K是熱導率。Z和溫度的乘積是無量綱的。 |
| Vector | 矢量 |
Any physical quantity, such as velocity, acceleration, force, or momentum, that is specified in terms of both its magnitude and its direction. The convention of printing vector quantities in boldface was introduced by the physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs. 任何物理量，如速度、加速度、力或動量，以其大小和方向來表示。用黑體印刷矢量量的慣例是由物理學家約西亞·威拉德·吉布斯提出的。 |
| Set pressure (Unit Pa) | 設定壓力（單位Pa） |
The pressure at which a relief valve or safety valve is set to open, corresponding to the relevant code or standard which applies to the pressure vessel being protected. 安全閥或安全閥開啟時的壓力，對應于適用于受保護壓力容器的相關規(guī)范或標準。 |
| Critical strain | 臨界應變 |
The strain just sufficient to cause recrystallization; because the strain is small, usually only a few percent, recrystallization takes place from only a few nuclei, which produces a recrystallized structure consisting of very large grains. 剛好足以引起再結晶的應變；由于應變很小，通常只有百分之幾，再結晶只發(fā)生在少數核上，從而產生由非常大的晶粒組成的再結晶結構。 |
| Sharp-notch strength | 銳缺口強度 |
The notch tensile strength measured using specimens with very small notch root radii (approaching the limit for machining capability); values of sharp-notch strength usually depend on notch root radius. 使用缺口根部半徑非常?。ń咏庸つ芰O限）的試樣測量的缺口抗拉強度；銳缺口強度值通常取決于缺口根部半徑。 |
| Shrink ring | 預緊環(huán) |
A ring, which is expanded by heating, is placed around an assembly of parts, and then contracts upon cooling to hold the assembly in place. 通過加熱膨脹的環(huán)被放置在零件組件周圍，然后在冷卻時收縮以將組件固定到位。 |
| Wrist pin | 腕銷 |
A stud projecting from a crank as an attachment for a connecting rod. wrought alloys Metal alloys that are initially cast and then shaped into final form by processes such as extrusion, forging, or rolling. 從曲柄上伸出的一個螺柱，作為連接桿的附件。鍛造合金最初鑄造，然后通過擠壓、鍛造或軋制等工藝成形為最終形狀的金屬合金。 |
| Case hardening | 表面硬化 |
A generic term covering several processes applicable to steel that change the chemical composition of the surface layer by absorption of carbon, nitrogen, or a mixture of the two and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. The processes commonly used are carburizing and quench hardening; cyaniding; nitriding; and carbonitriding. The use of the applicable specific process name is preferred. 一個通用術語，涵蓋適用于鋼的幾種工藝，這些工藝通過吸收碳、氮或二者的混合物改變表層的化學成分，并通過擴散形成濃度梯度。常用的工藝有滲碳和淬火硬化，氰化，氮化以及碳氮共滲。優(yōu)選使用適用的特定工藝名稱。 |
| Variance | 方差 |
A measure of the squared dispersion of observed values or measurements expressed as a function of the sum of the squared deviations from the population mean or sample average. 觀測值或測量值的平方離散度的度量，表示為總體平均值或樣本平均值的平方偏差之和的函數。 |
| Torque arm | 扭力臂 |
A bar fixed at one end used to resist torque applied at the other, for example by an electric drill. 固定在一端的桿，用于抵抗施加在另一端的扭矩，如電鉆。 |
| Tracking problem | 跟蹤問題 |
A control problem where the set point changes with time and thus the plant output must follow the changing set point. The opposite of a regulator problem. 一種控制問題，其中設定值隨時間變化，因此設備輸出必須遵循變化的設定值。與調節(jié)器問題相反。 |
| Fracture | 斷裂 |
(rupture) The separation of materials, components, or structures into two or more parts by the propagation of one or more cracks. Cracking may be globally elastic (brittle) or accompanied by varying degrees of plasticity (ductile). （斷裂）通過一個或多個裂紋的擴展將材料、部件或結構分離成兩個或更多部分。裂紋可能是整體彈性（脆性）或伴有不同程度的塑性（延性）。 |
| Dynamic hardness | 動態(tài)硬度 |
(rebound hardness) The resistance of a material to local indentation by a rapidly-moving rigid indenter. In most practical methods the indenter is allowed to fall under gravity on to the surface of the material when the rebound height is a measure of the dynamic hardness. （回彈硬度）材料對快速移動的剛性壓頭局部壓痕的阻力。在大多數實際方法中，當回彈高度是動態(tài)硬度的測量值時，允許壓頭在重力作用下落在材料表面上。 |
| Fatigue notch factor (Kf) | 疲勞缺口系數（Kf） |
The ratio of the fatigue strength of an unnotched specimen to the fatigue strength of a notched specimen of the same material and condition; both strengths are determined at the same number of stress cycles. 無缺口試樣的疲勞強度與相同材料和條件的有缺口試樣的疲勞強度之比；兩種強度都是在相同數量的應力循環(huán)下確定的。 |
| J-integral | J-積分 |
A mathematical expression describing a line or surface integral that encloses the crack front from one crack surface to the other, used to characterize the fracture toughness of a material having appreciable plasticity before fracture. The J-integral eliminates the need to describe the behavior of the material near the crack tip by considering the local stress-strain field around the crack front; JIc is the critical value of the J-integral required to initiate crack extension from a preexisting crack. 描述從一個裂紋表面到另一個裂紋正面的線或表面積分的數學表達式，用于表征斷裂前具有可觀塑性的材料的斷裂韌性。J積分通過考慮裂紋前緣周圍的局部應力應變場，無需描述裂紋尖端附近材料的行為；JIc是從先前存在的裂紋開始裂紋擴展所需的J積分的臨界值。 |
| Torsion-bar suspension | 扭桿懸架 |
A type of motor-vehicle suspension in which one end of a torsion bar is rigidly fixed to the chassis while the other carries a lever to which are attached the components that carry a wheel. In a torsion-beam suspension, a beam connects the wheels on either side of the vehicle. 一種汽車懸架，其中扭力桿的一端剛性固定在底盤上，而另一端帶有一個杠桿，杠桿上連接著承載車輪的部件。在扭轉梁懸架中，梁連接車輛兩側的車輪。 |
| Radial-flow compressor | 離心式壓縮機 |
A compressor in which the working gas enters the machine axially and is compressed as it flows radially out through the impeller. 一種壓縮機，其中工作氣體軸向進入機器，并在通過葉輪徑向流出時被壓縮。 |
| Shoulder | 軸肩 |
The portion of a shaft, stepped component, or flanged component, where a change in diameter or other dimension occurs. Even for a nominal step change, in practice there will be a radius where shoulder and shaft meet in order to avoid too severe a stress concentration. 軸、階梯部件或法蘭部件的直徑或其他尺寸發(fā)生變化的部分。即使是名義階躍變化，在實踐中，肩部和軸相交處也會有一個半徑，以避免出現過嚴重的應力集中。 |
| Retaining clip | 固定夾 |
(R-clip, hair cotter pin) A wire clip roughly with the shape of the letter R. The straight part of the clip passes through a hole drilled into a shaft or rod such that a wheel is held in position on the shaft, or the shaft is prevented from moving axially. （R形夾，開口銷）大致與字母R形狀相同的線夾。線夾的直線部分穿過鉆在軸或桿上的孔，從而將車輪固定在軸上，或防止軸軸向移動。 |
| Archimedes screw | 阿基米德螺旋泵 |
A machine which comprises a rotating helical blade inside a closefitting tube, which may be used to pump liquids, slurries (such as sewage), granular materials, etc. If water flows into the top of an inclined or vertical Archimedes screw, the screw will rotate and can be used to drive an electrical generator. 一種機器，它在緊密的管子內包含一個旋轉的螺旋葉片，可用于泵送液體、泥漿（如污水）、顆粒材料等。如果水流入傾斜或垂直的阿基米德螺桿的頂部，螺桿將旋轉，可用于驅動發(fā)電機。 |
| Zone melting (zone refining) | 區(qū)域熔煉（區(qū)域精煉） |
A process of purification of materials in which a narrow molten zone is moved along the length of the material, resulting in impurities being segregated at one end. 一種凈化材料的過程，其中一個狹窄的熔融區(qū)沿材料長度移動，導致雜質在一端分離。 |
| Abrasivity | 磨蝕性 |
The extent to which a surface, particle, or collection of particles will tend to cause abrasive wear when forced against a solid surface under relative motion and under prescribed conditions. 在相對運動和規(guī)定條件下，一個表面、顆?；蝾w粒集合在被迫抵靠固體表面時趨向于引起磨粒磨損的程度。 |
| Concentrated load | 集中負荷 |
A load on a component which is distributed over a very small area, idealized as the line load of a wedge or knife edge, and the point load of a cone. 分布在非常小的區(qū)域上的部件上的載荷，理想化為楔形或刀刃的線載荷和錐體的點載荷。 |
| Die threading | 模具螺紋 |
Die threading is a machining process for cutting external threads in cylindrical or tapered surfaces by the use of solid or self-opening dies. Die threading is a slower method of producing external threads than thread rolling, but it is faster than single-point threading in a lathe. 模具螺紋加工是一種通過使用實心或自開模具在圓柱形或錐形表面上切削外螺紋的加工工藝。模具螺紋加工是一種比滾絲加工更慢的外螺紋加工方法，但它比車床中的單點螺紋加工要快。 |
| Vickers hardness test | 維氏硬度測試 |
An indentation hardness test employing a 136° diamond pyramid indenter (Vickers) and variable loads, enabling the use of one hardness scale for all ranges of hardness—from very soft lead to tungsten carbide. Also know as diamond pyramid hardness test. 采用136°金剛石棱錐壓頭（維氏硬度計）和可變載荷的壓痕硬度測試，能夠對從極軟鉛到碳化鎢的所有硬度范圍使用一個硬度標度。也稱為鉆石金字塔硬度測試。 |
| Engineering stress (s) | 工程應力 |
A term sometimes used for conventional stress in order to differentiate it from true stress. In tension testing, it is calculated by dividing the breaking load applied to the specimen by the original crosssectional area of the specimen. 一個術語，有時用于常規(guī)應力，以區(qū)別于真實應力。在拉伸試驗中，通過將施加在試樣上的斷裂載荷除以試樣的原始橫截面積來計算。 |
| Ablation cooling | 燒蝕冷卻 |
The cooling of a surface exposed to very high external gas temperature which causes the surface material to sublime, melt or decompose. The chemical process absorbs heat while the mass flow of material away from the surface blocks the heat flux from the hot gas. 冷卻暴露于非常高的外部氣體溫度的表面，導致表面材料升華、熔化或分解?；瘜W過程吸收熱量，而遠離表面的物質的質量流阻擋了來自熱氣體的熱通量。 |
| Pressure recovery (Unit Pa) | 壓力恢復（單位Pa） |
The progressive increase in static pressure for unseparated flow through a diverging nozzle or diffuser. 通過發(fā)散噴嘴或擴散器的未分離流的靜壓逐漸增加。 |
| Sample median | 樣本中間值 |
The middle value when all observed values in a sample are arranged in order of magnitude. If an even number of samples are tested, the average of the two middlemost values is used. It is a point estimate of the population median, or 50% point. 當樣本中的所有觀測值按數量級排列時的中間值。如果測試的樣本數為偶數，則使用兩個中間值的平均值。這是人口中位數的一個點估計值，或50%的點。 |
| Athermal transformation | 非熱變化 |
A reaction that proceeds without benefit of thermal fluctuations; that is, thermal activation is not required. In contrast, a reaction that occurs at constant temperature is an isothermal transformation; thermal activation is necessary in this case and the reaction proceeds as a function of time. 在沒有熱波動的情況下進行的反應；也就是說，不需要熱激活。相反，在恒溫下發(fā)生的反應是等溫轉變。在這種情況下，熱活化是必要的，并且反應作為時間的函數進行。 |
| Combined dimensioning | 組合尺寸標注 |
The use of chain dimensioning and parallel dimensioning on the same engineering drawing. 在同一工程圖上使用鏈式尺寸標注和平行標注。 |
| Heat tinting | 熱著色 |
Coloration of a metal surface through oxidation by heating to reveal details of the microstructure. 通過加熱氧化使金屬表面著色，以揭示微觀結構的細節(jié)。 |
| Venturi | 文丘里管 |
A convergent–divergent flow nozzle, usually circular in cross section, with a relatively short convergent section (the confuser) upstream of a throat followed by a gradually diverging section (the diffuser). Such nozzles usually have flanges at either end for installation in a pipeline. Applications include flow meters and ejectors. When a fluid flows through a convergent duct at subsonic speed, there is an increase in velocity accompanied by a decrease in pressure (Venturi effect). 收斂-發(fā)散流噴嘴，橫截面通常為圓形，喉部上游具有相對較短的收斂段（擾流器），然后是逐漸發(fā)散段（擴散器）。這種噴嘴通常在兩端都有法蘭，以便安裝在管道中。應用包括流量計和噴射器。當流體以亞音速流過收斂管道時，速度增加，壓力降低（文丘里效應）。 |
| Total carbon | 總碳 |
The sum of the free and combined carbon (including carbon in solution) in a ferrous alloy. 鐵合金中游離碳和結合碳（包括溶液中的碳）的總和。 |
| Absolute pressure | 絕對壓力 |
1. The pressure measured relative to zero pressure (vacuum). 2. Gage pressure plus barometric pressure in the same units. 1.相對于零壓力（真空）測量的壓力。2.表壓加上大氣壓力的單位相同。 |
| Galvanic protection | 電流保護 |
The coating on a fastener is said to provide galvanic protection if it is more anodic than the fastener and will, therefore, be destroyed instead of the fastener. Zinc plate (galvanizing) provides galvanic protection to steel fasteners, for example. 如果緊固件上的涂層比緊固件更具陽極性，則據說它可以提供電流保護，將會因此被破壞而不是緊固。例如，鋅板（鍍鋅）為鋼緊固件提供電流保護。 |
| Concurrent engineering | 并行工程 |
The integration of the procedures for product design, material selection and manufacturing method to include life-cycle analysis. 產品設計、材料選擇和制造方法程序的整合，包括生命周期分析。 |
| Transmission | 傳輸 |
The system that transmits power and torque from a power source; for example a shaft, belts and pulleys, or a gear train. In the case of a motor vehicle, it includes the gearbox, clutch, propeller shaft, differential and final drive shafts. 從動力源傳輸功率和扭矩的系統(tǒng)；例如軸、皮帶和滑輪或齒輪系。對于機動車輛，包括變速箱、離合器、傳動軸、差速器和終傳動軸。 |
| Compression crease | 壓縮折痕 |
A crease formed during the compression of composites having a high volume fraction of filaments. These composites fail in compression by forming a crease at an angle to the loading axis. 在壓縮具有高體積分數長絲的復合材料期間形成的折痕。這些復合材料通過形成與加載軸成一定角度的折痕而在壓縮中失效。 |
| Turbo generator | 渦輪發(fā)電機 |
(turboset) The combination of a steam or gas turbine and an electrical generator with a single shaft or connected coaxial shafts. （汽輪發(fā)電機組）蒸汽或燃氣輪機與發(fā)電機的組合，具有單軸或連接的同軸。 |
| Oxidative wear | 氧化磨損 |
A type of wear resulting from the sliding action between two metallic components that generates oxide films on the metal surfaces. These oxide films prevent the formation of a metallic bond between the sliding surfaces, resulting in fine wear debris and low wear rates. 由兩個金屬部件之間的滑動作用導致的一種磨損，在金屬表面上產生氧化膜。這些氧化膜防止在滑動表面之間形成金屬結合，導致細磨屑和低磨損率。 |
| Fatigue limit for p % survival | p%存活率的疲勞極限 |
The limiting value of fatigue strength for p%survival as the number of stress cycles becomes very large; pmay be any number, such as 95, 90, etc. 隨著應力循環(huán)次數的增加，p%存活率的疲勞強度極限值變得非常大；p可以是任何數字，例如95、90等。 |
| Screw conveyor | 螺旋輸送機 |
(auger, spiral conveyor, worm conveyor) A machine for bulk handling of semi-solid materials, consisting of a helical screw which rotates in a trough or casing. （螺旋輸送機、螺旋輸送機、蝸桿輸送機）一種用于散裝搬運半固態(tài)材料的機器，由在槽或外殼中旋轉的螺旋螺桿組成。 |
| Absolute rating | 絕對標稱值 |
A theoretical size designation which is an estimation of the largest particle, by length, that can pass through a filter with a specific 一個理論尺寸名稱，它是按長度估算的最大顆粒，它可以通過具有特定過濾器的過濾器 |
| Spanner (wrench) | 扳手 |
A tool for applying torque to tighten or loosen a nut, bolt, or screw. Grip is applied by a serrated ring or an open U-shape at the end of the tool. On imperial-size spanners, the BSW and BSF marking refers to the diameter of the screw thread; similarly for BA spanners. Spanners for unified and metric threads are marked with the distance across the flats (‘A/F’) of the nut or head of the bolt. 擰緊或松開螺母、螺栓或螺絲的工具。通過工具端部的鋸齒環(huán)或開口U形應用夾持。在英制扳手上，BSW和BSF標記是指螺紋的直徑；類似于BA扳手。用于統(tǒng)一螺紋和公制螺紋的扳手在螺母或螺栓頭的平面（'A/F'）上標記距離。 |
| Repeatability | 重復性 |
A term used to refer to the test-result variability associated with a limited set of specifically defined sources of variability within a single laboratory. 一個術語，用于指與單個實驗室內一組有限的特定變異源相關的測試結果變異性。 |
| Direct quenching | 直接淬火 |
(1) Quenching carburized parts directly from the carburizing operation. (2) Also used for quenching pearlitic malleable parts directly from the malleablizing operation. （1） 直接從滲碳作業(yè)中淬火滲碳零件。（2） 也用于直接從可鍛操作淬火珠光體可鍛零件。 |
| Median fatigue strength at N cycles | N次循環(huán)的中位疲勞強度 |
An estimate of the stress level at which 50% of the population would survive N cycles. The estimate is derived from a particular point of the fatigue life distribution, because there is no test procedure by which a frequency distribution of fatigue strengths at Ncycles can be directly observed. 估計50%的量在N個周期內生存的壓力水平。該估計值來自疲勞壽命分布的一個特定點，因為沒有試驗程序可以直接觀察N次循環(huán)疲勞強度的頻率分布。 |
| Compression failure | 壓縮失敗 |
The reduction or removal of a component’s load-bearing capacity in compression, caused by buckling, fracture, crease formation in fibre composites, etc. 由纖維復合材料中的屈曲、斷裂、折痕形成等引起的部件在壓縮中的承載能力的降低或消除。 |
| British thermal unit (BTU, Btu) | 英熱單位（BTU，Btu） |
An obsolete (non-SI) imperial unit of energy defined as the energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of pure water at 68°F by 1°F. The conversion to SI is 1 Btu = 1.055 056 × 103?J. 一種已被淘汰的（非SI）英制能量單位，定義為將68°F的一磅純水的溫度升高1°F所需的能量。轉換為SI為1Btu=1.055056×103J。 |
| Counter sink | 臺面水槽 |
To cut or shape a depression in an object so that the head of a screw may set flush or below the surface. 在物體上切割或塑造一個凹陷，使螺釘的頭部可以齊平或低于表面。 |
| Working section | 工作區(qū) |
That part of a wind tunnel in which models are placed for testing, or where detailed measurements are performed. 風洞中放置模型進行測試或進行詳細測量的部分。 |
| Full size body | 全尺寸螺紋桿 |
The body of a bolt or screw which has a diameter between the minimum and maximum limits of the major diameter of the thread. 螺栓或螺釘的主體，其直徑介于螺紋大徑的最小和最大限制之間。 |
| Design stress (Unit Pa) | 設計應力（單位Pa） |
The greatest allowable stress in a component or structure that will not result in failure under normal operating conditions. 在正常操作條件下不會導致失效的部件或結構中的最大許用應力。 |
| Coextrusion | 復合擠壓 |
The simultaneous extrusion through the same die of two or more materials in combination. 通過同一模具同時擠出兩種或多種材料的組合。 |
| Dynamic strain aging | 動態(tài)應變時效 |
A behavior in metals in which solute atoms are sufficiently mobile to move toward and interact with dislocations. This results in strengthening over a specific range of elevated temperature and strain rate. 金屬的一種特點，其中溶質原子具有足夠的移動能力，能夠向位錯移動并與位錯相互作用，會導致在特定的高溫和應變速率范圍內強化。 |
| Aging treatment | 時效處理 |
Heat treatment aimed at age hardening; it comprises solution and precipitation treatments. 針對時效硬化的熱處理；它包括溶液和沉淀處理。 |
| Dislocation density | 位錯密度 |
The total length of dislocation lines per unit volume, or the number of dislocation lines that cut through a unit cross-sectional area. 每單位體積的位錯線的總長度，或穿過單位橫截面積的位錯線的數量。 |
| Acoustic pyrometer | 聲學高溫計 |
A non-intrusive pyrometer based on the principle that the sound speed in a gas is proportional to the square root of its absolute temperature. 一種非侵入式高溫計，其原理是氣體中的聲速與其絕對溫度的平方根成正比。 |
| Batch | 一批 |
A definite quantity of some product or material produced under conditions that are considered uniform. A batch is usually smaller than a lot. 在被認為是均勻的條件下生產的一定數量的某些產品或材料。批次通常小于很多。 |
| Mole number (N) | 摩爾數（N） |
The number of moles in a given mass m of a substance, equal to m divided by the molar mass of the substance. 摩爾數物質給定質量m中的摩爾數，等于m除以物質的摩爾質量。 |
| Blank nitriding | 空白滲氮 |
Simulating the nitriding operation without introducing nitrogen. This is usually accomplished by using an inert material in place of the nitriding agent or by applying a suitable protective coating to the ferrous alloy. 在不引入氮氣的情況下模擬氮化操作。這通常通過使用惰性材料代替氮化劑或通過在鐵合金上施加合適的保護涂層來實現。 |
| Uniform elongation | 均勻伸長 |
The elongation at maximum load and immediately preceding the onset of necking in a tension test. 在拉伸試驗中，在最大載荷下和頸縮開始之前的伸長率。 |
| Angle of torsion | 扭轉角 |
(angle of twist) (Unit ° or rad) The angle relative to a chosen section, normal to the axis of twist, through which another part of a component rotates when subjected to a torque. （扭轉角）（單位°或弧度）相對于選定截面的角度，垂直于扭轉軸，部件的另一部分在受到扭矩時通過該角度旋轉。 |
| Boyle’s law | 波義耳定律 |
The product of the pressure of a gas p and its volume is constant at a given absolute temperature T. Together with Charles law, it yields the ideal gas equation p = Mrt where m is the mass of gas and R is the specific gas constant. The volume of a gas at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure. This means that as pressure increases, the volume of a gas decreases. 在給定的絕對溫度T下，氣體的壓力p與其體積的乘積是恒定的。與查爾斯定律一起，它產生了理想的氣體方程p=Mrt，其中m是氣體的質量，R是特定的氣體常數。恒溫下氣體的體積與壓力成反比。這意味著隨著壓力的增加，氣體的體積會減少。 |
| Creep | 蠕變 |
The slow, plastic deformation of a body under heavy loads. Time-dependent plasticity. Time-dependent and permanent deformation of material under constant load or stress. The strain increases with time at a rate that increases with increasing temperature. Creep can lead to large strain and eventual failure, and so limit the lifetime of components subjected to load at high temperature. Creep in metals becomes significant at homologous temperatures in excess of about 0.4, e.g. 1200°C for tungsten, 504°C for titanium, 450°C for iron, and 100°C for aluminium. 物體在重載荷下緩慢的塑性變形，隨時間變化的可塑性，材料在恒定載荷或應力下隨時間變化的永久變形。應變隨時間以隨溫度升高而增加的速率增加。蠕變可能導致大應變和最終失效，從而限制部件在高溫下承受載荷的壽命。當同源溫度超過約0.4℃時，金屬蠕變變得顯著，例如鎢為1200℃，鈦為504℃，鐵為450℃，鋁為100℃。 |
| Computer-aided design (CAD) | 計算機輔助設計（CAD） |
Generally, design and calculations performed by computer; more specifically, the use of computer graphics and models to communicate design concepts. Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) is where component dimensions resulting from CAD are passed by electronic means directly to machines for manufacture. 一般由計算機進行設計和計算，更具體地說，使用計算機圖形和模型來傳達設計概念。計算機輔助設計和計算機輔助制造（CAD/CAM）是由CAD產生的組件尺寸通過電子方式直接傳遞到機器進行制造。 |
| Mohr–Coulomb fracture criterion | Mohr–Coulomb斷裂準則 |
A fracture criterion, primarily for brittle materials, according to which failure occurs when the stress at a point in a material falls outside the envelope created by the Mohr’s circles for uniaxial tensile strength and uniaxial compressive strength. 一種斷裂準則，主要適用于脆性材料，根據該準則，當材料中某一點的應力落在單軸抗拉強度和單軸抗壓強度的莫爾圓所形成的包絡線之外時，就會發(fā)生斷裂。 |
| Cohesive zone | 凝聚力區(qū) |
In fracture-mechanics modelling and simulation, the region at the crack tip over which an assumed traction (load-displacement) relation has to be overcome to permit initiation and propagation of a crack. 在斷裂力學建模和模擬中，必須克服假定的牽引（載荷-位移）關系以允許裂紋萌生和擴展的裂紋尖端區(qū)域。 |
| Nonlinear behavior | 非線性行為 |
A fastener or joint system is said to exhibit nonlinear behavior when the relationship between the External load on the joint and deformation of the parts is nonlinear, or when the relationship between increasing Preload and deformation is nonlinear. 當接頭上的外部載荷與零件變形之間的關系是非線性的，或者當增加的預載荷與變形之間的聯(lián)系是非線性的時，可以說緊固件或接頭系統(tǒng)表現出非線性行為。 |
| Computer vision | 計算機視覺 |
The digitization and processing of optical images/patterns by computer in order to recognize parts, orientation, etc. in manufacturing. 通過計算機對光學圖像/圖案進行數字化和處理，以在制造過程中識別零件、方向等。 |
| Vacuum carburizing | 真空滲碳 |
A high-temperature gas carburizing process using furnace pressures between 7 and 55 kPa during the carburizing portion of the cycle. 在循環(huán)的滲碳部分期間使用7至55kPa之間的爐壓的高溫氣體滲碳工藝。 |
| Steady pin | 定位銷 |
A dowel, key, or pin that prevents a pulley from turning on its shaft. 防止滑輪在其軸上轉動的銷釘、鍵或銷。 |
| Anneal to temper | 退火回火 |
A final partial anneal that softens a cold worked nonferrous alloy to a specified level of hardness or tensile strength. 將冷加工的有色金屬合金軟化到規(guī)定的硬度或抗拉強度水平的最終局部退火。 |
| Threaded fastener | 螺紋緊固件 |
Studs, bolts, and screws of all sorts, with associated nuts. One of the most interesting, complex, useful—and frustrating—components yet devised. 各種螺柱、螺栓和螺釘，以及相關的螺母。 |
| Hexagon nut | 六角螺母 |
A nut having six sides and shaped like a hexagon. 六邊形的螺母。 |
| Bar | 巴（氣壓單位） |
A widely used (non-SI) unit of pressure approximately equal to normal atmospheric pressure at sea level. The conversion to SI is 1 bar = 105?Pa. Unit of pressure – the pressure created by a column of?€mercury 75.006 cm high at 0oC, or about 33.45 feet of water at 4oC. It is equal to 105 pascal. Standard atmospheric pressure (at sea level) is 1.01325 bar, or 1013.25 mb. 一種廣泛使用的（非SI）壓力單位，大約等于海平面上的正常大氣壓。轉換為SI為1bar=105Pa。壓力單位——0oC時75.006厘米高的水銀柱或4oC時約33.45英尺水柱產生的壓力。它等于105帕斯卡。標準大氣壓（海平面）為1.01325bar或1013.25mb。 |
| Bánki turbine | 班基渦輪機 |
A cross-flow, impulse-type water turbine for very low heads in which a jet of water in the form of a flat sheet passes transversely through the turbine, so going through the runner twice. The thin runner blades which run horizontally across the turbine parallel to the axis of rotation are profiled in cross section. 一種用于非常低水頭的橫流脈沖式水輪機，其中平板形式的水射流橫向穿過渦輪機，因此穿過轉輪兩次。平行于旋轉軸水平穿過渦輪機的薄轉輪葉片在橫截面上具有輪廓。 |
| Bearing failure | 軸承故障 |
A failure that occurs in a riveted or bolted joint when the transverse load divided by the bearing area results in a stress that leads to permanent plastic deformation. 當橫向載荷除以承載面積產生導致永久塑性變形的應力時，鉚接或螺栓連接中發(fā)生的失效。 |
| Working pressure (Unit Pa) | 工作壓力（單位Pa） |
The pressure at which a pressure vessel, such as a boiler, is designed to operate under normal conditions. 壓力容器（如鍋爐）設計用于在正常條件下運行的壓力。 |
| Stress factor | 應力因子 |
A calibration constant used in ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. It is the ratio between the change in ultrasonic transit time caused by the change in length of the fastener, under load, to the total change in transit time. 用于螺栓應力或應變超聲波測量的校準常數。它是由緊固件長度變化引起的超聲波傳輸時間變化與總傳輸時間變化之間的比率。 |
| Safety valve (safety-relief valve) | 安全閥（安全泄壓閥） |
A mechanical valve, fitted by law to all pressure vessels (e.g. steam boilers), which opens to prevent the internal pressure exceeding the maximum design value for that vessel. The valve closes again once the pressure reduces to a safe level. 根據法律安裝在所有壓力容器（如蒸汽鍋爐）上的機械閥，其打開以防止內部壓力超過該容器的最大設計值。一旦壓力降至安全水平，閥門將再次關閉。 |
| Trepanning | 開孔 |
Trepanning is a machining process for producing a circular hole or groove in solid stock, or for producing a disk, cylinder, or tube from solid stock, by the action of a tool containing one or more cutters (usually single-point) revolving around a center. 開孔是一種機械加工工藝，通過包含一個或多個圍繞中心旋轉的刀具（通常為單點）的作用，在實心坯料中制造圓孔或凹槽，或從實心坯料生產圓盤、圓柱體或管。 |
| Cementation | 膠結 |
The introduction of one or more elements into the outer portion of a metal object by means of diffusion at high temperature. 在高溫下通過擴散將一種或多種元素引入金屬物體的外部。 |
| Bearing strength | 承載強度 |
The maximum bearing stress that a material is capable of sustaining. 材料能夠承受的最大承載應力。 |
| Elbow | 肘部 |
1. A fitting that connects the ends of two pipes at an angle, 45°, 90°, and 180° being the most common. 2. The third joint on an articulated robot corresponding to the human elbow. 1.以45°、90°和180°角連接兩個管道端部的配件。2.示例關節(jié)機器人上的第三關節(jié)對應于人的肘部。 |
| Mohs hardness test | 莫氏硬度測試 |
A scratch hardness test for determining comparative hardness using 10 standard minerals—from talc (the softest) to diamond (the hardest). 刮擦硬度測試，用于使用從滑石（最軟）到鉆石（最硬）的10種標準礦物測定比較硬度。 |
| Time quenching | 時間淬火 |
A term used to describe a quench in which the cooling rate of the part being quenched must be changed abruptly at some time during the cooling cycle. 用于描述淬火的術語，其中被淬火零件的冷卻速率必須在冷卻循環(huán)的某個時間突然改變。 |
| Erosion | 侵蝕 |
Progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that surface and a fluid, a multicomponent fluid, or impinging liquid or solid particles. 由于固體表面與流體、多組分流體或撞擊液體或固體顆粒之間的機械相互作用，原始材料從固體表面逐漸損失。 |
| Silky fracture | 絲狀斷口 |
A metal fracture in which the broken metal surface has a fine texture, usually dull in appearance. Characteristic of tough and strong metals. 一種金屬斷裂，斷裂的金屬表面具有精細的紋理，通常外觀暗淡。具有堅韌和堅固金屬的特征。 |
| Torque converter | 變矩器 |
A turbomachine used for torque amplification consisting of an impeller, a turbine, and a reaction member. Applications include motor-vehicle transmissions. 用于扭矩放大的渦輪機，由葉輪、渦輪機和反作用構件組成。應用包括機動車變速器。 |
| Toothed belt | 齒帶 |
A flat belt, typically of a reinforced-rubber material, with transverse teeth that engage with teeth on a wheel or pulley. 一種扁平皮帶，通常由增強橡膠材料制成，帶有橫向齒，與車輪或皮帶輪上的齒嚙合。 |
| Ideal critical diameter | 理想臨界直徑 |
(DI). Under an ideal quench condition, the bar diameter that has 50% martensite at the center of the bar when the surface is cooled at an infinitely rapid rate (that is, when H = ∞, where H is the quench severity factor). （DI）在理想淬火條件下，當表面以無限快的速度冷卻時（即H=∞, 其中H是淬火嚴重度因子）。 |
| Bend test | 彎曲試驗 |
A test for determining the relative ductility of metal that is to be formed (usually sheet, strip, plate, or wire) or for determining soundness and toughness of metal (after welding, for example). The specimen is usually repeatedly bent over a specified diameter through a specified angle and then unbent for a specified number of cycles. There are four general types of bend tests, named according to the manner in which the forces are applied to the specimen to make the bend: free bend, guided bend, semiguided bend, and wrap-around bend. 確定待成形金屬（通常為薄板、帶材、板材或線材）的相對延展性或確定金屬的堅固性和韌性（例如，焊接后）的試驗。試樣通常在規(guī)定的直徑上重復彎曲一個規(guī)定的角度，然后在規(guī)定的循環(huán)次數內彎曲。彎曲試驗有四種一般類型，根據施加在試樣上的力進行彎曲的方式命名：自由彎曲、引導彎曲、半引導彎曲和環(huán)繞彎曲。 |
| Shrink fit | 過盈配合 |
A tight interference fit between two components resulting from heating an outer part and/or cooling an inner part to allow easy assembly. The outer component contracts on cooling, while the inner part expands on warming to ambient temperature, thus gripping the two parts together. 由于加熱外部部件和/或冷卻內部部件而導致的兩個部件之間的緊密過盈配合，以便于組裝。外部部件在冷卻時收縮，而內部部件在加熱到環(huán)境溫度時膨脹，從而將兩個部件夾在一起。 |
| Verification | 檢驗 |
Checking or testing an instrument to ensure conformance with a specification. 檢查或測試儀器以確保符合規(guī)范。 |
| ABS polymer | ABS聚合物 |
A class of thermoplastic co-polymer consisting of the three monomers acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene that has improved properties (particularly toughness) over the individual constituents. 一類由丙烯腈、丁二烯和苯乙烯三種單體組成的熱塑性共聚物，其性能（特別是韌性）優(yōu)于單個成分。 |
| Compression wave | 壓縮波 |
(dilatation wave) In a fluid or a solid, a progressive wave or wavefront that compresses the medium through which it propagates. （膨脹波）在流體或固體中，壓縮介質傳播的行波或波前。 |
| Fatigue strength | 疲勞強度 |
The stress to which a metal can be subjected for a specified number of cyclic changes of stress. The maximum stress that can be sustained for a specified number of cycles without failure. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. 金屬在指定數量的應力循環(huán)變化下可以承受的應力。可以在指定的循環(huán)次數內持續(xù)而不失效的最大應力。還應說明最大應力值和應力比。 |
| Ventilation | 通風系統(tǒng) |
A system for circulating fresh air in a room, building, passenger vehicle, orother enclosed space. 在房間、建筑物、乘用車或其他封閉空間中循環(huán)新鮮空氣的系統(tǒng)。 |
| Overaging | 過時效 |
Aging under conditions of time and temperature greater than those required to obtain maximum change in a certain property, so that the property is altered in the direction of the initial value. 在時間和溫度條件下的時效大于獲得某一特性最大變化所需的時間和溫度，從而使該特性沿初始值的方向發(fā)生變化。 |
| Blade compressor | 葉片式壓縮機 |
An oil-free, double-acting rotary compressor in which an angled blade attached to the inner surface of a rotating housing passes through a slot in a disk rotating about an axis perpendicular to that of the housing but offset from it. Air enters through apertures in the housing and leaves through a port in the housing. 一種無油雙作用旋轉式壓縮機，其中連接到旋轉外殼內表面的傾斜葉片穿過圓盤上的槽，該槽繞垂直于外殼的軸旋轉，但偏離外殼?？諝馔ㄟ^殼體中的孔進入，并通過殼體的端口離開。 |
| Stress-intensity factor | 應力強度因子 |
A scaling factor, usually denoted by the symbol K, used in linear-elastic fracture mechanics to describe the intensification of applied stress at the tip of a crack of known size and shape. At the onset of rapid crack propagation in any structure containing a crack, the factor is called the critical stress-intensity factor, or the fracture toughness. 一種標度因子，通常用符號K表示，在線彈性斷裂力學中用于描述已知尺寸和形狀的裂紋尖端施加應力的增強。在任何含有裂紋的結構中，裂紋快速擴展開始時，該因子稱為臨界應力強度因子，或斷裂韌性。 |
| Caustic cracking | 苛性開裂 |
A form of stress-corrosion cracking most frequently encountered in carbon steels or iron-chromiumnickel alloys that are exposed to concentrated hydroxide solutions at temperatures of 200 to 250 °C (400 to 480 °F). Also known as caustic embrittlement. 在200至250°C（400至480°F）的溫度下暴露于濃氫氧化物溶液中的碳鋼或鐵鉻鎳合金中最常遇到的一種應力腐蝕開裂形式。也稱為堿脆。 |
| Shear | 扭剪 |
The type of force that causes or tends to cause two contiguous parts of the same body to slide relative to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact. 導致或傾向于導致同一物體的兩個相鄰部分在平行于其接觸面的方向上相對滑動的力的類型。 |
| Axial load (Unit N) | 軸向載荷（單位N） |
In general, a tensile or compressive load directed along the axis of a component. Strictly the load should pass through the centroid of the cross section to avoid inducing bending moments and be perpendicular to the plane of the section. 通常，沿部件的軸定向的拉伸或壓縮載荷。嚴格來說，載荷應通過橫截面的質心以避免產生彎矩并垂直于橫截面。 |
| Condenser vacuum | 冷凝器真空 |
The sub-atmospheric pressure imposed on the condenser of a steam-power plant which leads to an appreciable increase in overall efficiency. 施加在蒸汽發(fā)電廠冷凝器上的低于大氣壓的壓力導致整體效率顯著提高。 |
| Clevis | U形夾 |
A U-shaped hook with holes at the ends through which a retaining bolt or pin (clevis pin) passes. 一種U形鉤，末端有孔，固定螺栓或銷（U形銷）穿過這些孔。 |
| Nut box mechanism | 螺母箱機械裝置 |
In a lathe it is used to engage and disengage the lead screw for thread cutting. This comprises a pair of half-nuts capable of sliding in vertical slides in or out of mesh with the lead screw. 在車床中，它用于接合和分離絲杠以進行螺紋切削。這包括一對半螺母，能夠在與絲杠嚙合的垂直滑動中滑動。 |
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